Read the following extracts expressing opinions of political scientists about their profession. Discuss with your partner

1. 
   personal qualities of a political scientist
   
2. 
   special skills and qualifications
   
3. 
   the areas in which they can be used
   
4. 
   what aspects of this profession attract you most
   
5. 
   in what area you would like to work after graduation
   

2. Айбарша Ислам «Английский язык»

3. Зражевская «Курс английского языка»
Theme 6. Unemployment.
Курстың мақсаты ; студенттерді ауызша сөйлеу қабілетін дамыту. студенттерге алған білімдерін жүзінде қолдану үшін кәсіби мен дағдыларға төселдіруге көмектесу.

READING 5

Pre-reading questions (if you do not know any of the words in italics look I hem up in the Glossary):. 1. What do you think these terms mean? labour force

a. all people who are able to work

b. all people between ages 15/16-60/65

с people between ages 15/16-60/65 who are not members of the armed

forces or full-time students unemployment rate

a. the percentage of people who are actively looking for work

b. the percentage of people in the labour force who are unemployed
с the percentage of people who are out of work

discouraged workers

a. people who do not want to work

b. workers who became unemployed as a result of structural changes in

their industry с workers who want a job but who are no longer looking for one because

they have given up the hope of finding a job entrepreneur

a. person who organizes and manages a theatre company

b. a self-employed person
с a person who takes risks

To check up your understanding look up these words in the Glossary. 2. What types of unemployment are prevailing in Russia at the moment? seasonal frictional structural cyclical hidden What makes you think so? i. What groups of employees are more likely to be affected by structural un­employment; cyclical unemployment? •I. What groups of young people face more difficulties in finding ajob? ANTICIPATION. What do you expect the text to be about?

1. 
   unemployment rate in different countries
   
2. 
   types of unemployment
   

4. 
   factors that affect unemployment
   
5. 
   female unemployment
   
6. 
   the importance of education for getting a job
   
7. 
   the European Union employment policy
   

I. How important is the role of school and university education in getting a

job?

2. Will timely and relevant labour market information solve the problem?

3 Can an Internet Web site linking employers and potential employees ease

youth unemployment? How?

4 What actions do you believe are necessary to create more job opportunities for young people:

•S job centres which distribute available work among young people?

(vocational training)?

•S low-interest loans to help the young set up their own business?

9 Points of controversy

Which do you agree with? Give your reasons.

1. 
   The Importance of Education. Education is the key to getting a job to­day. Many youths who have dropped out of school or who haven't re­ceived their high school certificate yet have a hard time finding a place to earn money in our society. Employers look for people with good grades in school and a good background in the workforce. A good education does not necessarily guarantee a job or a career, but it merely gives to the more educated a better chance of finding a job.
   
2. 
   Academic Education is a Costly Fraud. There should be laws forbid­ding discrimination on the basis of academic qualifications. Employers would be able to test recruits to determine if they have the skills actually needed for a job, but not to require them to have served time at schools or
   

2. Айбарша Ислам «Английский язык»

3. Зражевская «Курс английского языка»


Theme 7. People and lifestyles. Society: all work and no play?
Курстың мақсаты ; студенттерді ауызша сөйлеу қабілетін дамыту. студенттерге алған білімдерін жүзінде қолдану үшін кәсіби мен дағдыларға төселдіруге көмектесу.
READING 1

i'iт-reading questions:

1 Society in developed countries is often referred to as:

. onvenience foods (inefficient public services longevity i I low are technological developments transforming societies? I По you think there is such a thing as natural work rhythms? Give your rccisons.

ANTICIPATION: What do you expect the text to be about?

The word "ergonomics" means "the study of how the design of equipment .Hlccts how well people do their work". The word "ergonarchy" has been in-M-nled by the author to describe the modern Western society. What do you iliink laid the foundation of this society?

problem - we managed to gel rid of the British empire and the cost of running it, but the rest of his description stands untouched. But we manage: we go on living longer and longer, in spite of pollution and GM foods and mercury in our teeth fillings. Life expectancy will soon be twice what it was when Dickens made his speech in 1857. Me died, poor man, in 1870, aged 57. Here am 1, a novelist of today, ten years older than that and still going strong, thanks to good nutrition and medical care: I'd have been dead once if it weren't for anti­biotics, and twice if not for surgery.

We manage, mostly because of the rise of technology and science. Robots dig for coal, fetch up oil, and make our motorcars and our largely prefabricated buildings; computers keep information circulating. A good deal of the work and the information is totally unnecessary, but the technological West is now in search of an occupation, and is really good at inventing tasks for itself to do. Layer upon layer of bureaucracy delays decisions and makes efficiency impos­sible. Л letter that in Dickens's time took a day to get anywhere in the country can now take up to five. Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre was in the bookshops six weeks after the unsolicited manuscript turned up at the publishers. Today, two years would not be unusual.

But at least everyone's working, which means consuming: this is what it takes to keep the wheels of industry and state turning. The leisure society we envisaged back in the 1960s didn't happen: on the contrary, we work harder and longer accomplishing less. It turned out that we had more appetite for em­ployment than for leisure. It suited the nature of our species.

The problem has always been that the machine works steadily and sensibly; humans do not. In fact, we would be more productive, and our employers would be wealthier, if we worked when we felt like it. Our natural work rhythms are not nine to five daily and a weekend off: more like a week work­ing hard with time off only for sleep, and then a week's rest. Anyone who is self-employed recognises the pattern. Endeavour is seldom steady; as with us today, so with yesterday's peasant farmer, who worked day and night to bring the harvest in and then fell asleep until winter was over. The work patterns im­posed on us since Dickens's day are unnatural. We may live longer and health­ier lives, but not necessarily in tranquillity and contentment.

For we live in an ergonarchy: rule by a work ethic closely entwined with a consuming duty. Where once we worked in order to make things, and thus keep warm and fed. now we work in order to earn, and earn in order to spend in order to work. The purpose of our lives is to consume. To spend on the mi­crowave and the convenience food in order to earn the time to get the child back from the minder and fed before going to bed, to get the sleep that humans require and which the employer has always so begrudged. 350

And what a hard taskmaster the ergonarchy is, for men and women both, inching us out of bed in the morning whatever the weather, out of the house to что distant place of employment decreed by the planners, on public transport hi over the road bumps into a traffic jam, stuck listening to the radio (though some claim that's the best part of the day), our children socialised by their peers and their teachers and not ourselves, family life at the end of its tether , .and flor what, for what? Sure, ergonarchy comes bearing gifts: a brand new car .mil a holiday abroad, and a pension at the end of it provided you invested your .serial redundancy monies properly and retrained wisely. But he's a devil and don’t forget it. Ergonarchy thrives at the citizen's expense. Lying there licking his> sticky fingers while we work and spend. Just sometimes he offers us a sweet. And we never even asked him in: he just happened. And there we are: men and women together, good earners all, trudging to become the Northern Consumer Force, pride of the future.

Head the article again and say if the following statements are true or false.

I Nowadays people are not so healthy as their forebears due to pollution and

unhealthy food. '

Regardless of the technological advances people do not work efficiently at

present. t

Today people work harder than their ancestors, and so their accomplish­ments are greater. I

People would work more effectively if they could work according to their

natural work rhythms.

At present people live longer but they are more overworked and stressed

out than years ago

People use convenience foods because this enables them to spend more

time with their families.

• Agree or disagree with the statements using the following phrases:

1 What one generation sees as a luxury, the next sees as a necessity. - An­tony Crosland

2We all act as though comfort and luxury were the chief requirements of life, when all we need to make us really happy is something to be enthusi­astic about. - Charles Kingsley

3 Increased means and increased leisure are the two civilizers of man. - Be-jatnin Disraeli

4 It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do. — Jerome K. Jerome

5 We are closer to ants than butterflies. - Gerald Brenen

6. 
   don't think necessity is the mother of invention - invention, in my opin­ion, arises directly from idleness, possibly from laziness. -Agatha Christie
   
7. 
   It is stupid of modern civilization to have given up believing in the devil, when he is the only explanation of it. - Ronald Knox
   
8. 
   Work expands so as to fill all the time available for its completion. -C. Northcote Parkinson
   
9. 
   Some people work to live, while others live to work. -Author Unknown
   
10. 
    One of the symptoms of approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that one's work is terribly important, and that to take a holiday would bring all kinds of disaster. If I were a medical man 1 should prescribe a holiday to | any person who considered his work important. - Bertrand Russell <
    

If I could just come in here ij'ml)

Sorry to interrupt, but...

I'd just like to say that...

Urn...um...urn...(repeated until the

speaker lets you speak)

That reminds me

By the way (to change the subject)

God knows how often I had lamented that I had not half the time 1 needed to do half the things I wanted. I could not remember when last I had had a moment to myself. I had often amused my fancy with the prospect of just one week's complete idleness. Most of us when not busy working are busy playing; we ride, play tennis or golf, swim or gamble; but I saw myself doing nothing at all. I would lounge through the morning, dawdle through the afternoon, and loaf through the evening. Time, because it is so fleeting, time, because it is be­yond recall, is the most precious of human goods and to squander it is the most delicate form of dissipation (расточительство) in which man can in­dulge.

2. Айбарша Ислам «Английский язык»

3. Зражевская «Курс английского языка»

Theme 8. Healthy living.
Курстың мақсаты ; студенттерді ауызша сөйлеу қабілетін дамыту. студенттерге алған білімдерін жүзінде қолдану үшін кәсіби мен дағдыларға төселдіруге көмектесу.
READING 4

Pre-reading questions:

1. 
   Have you ever lived in the country? Did you like it?
   
2. 
   What kind of people do you think enjoy country living?
   
3. 
   What are the good and the bad points of country living? Do you think they are the same in Russia and Western countries? Why?
   

1. Deborah Bosley's boyfriend comes from a well-to-do family and is fond of

country living. .!. According to D.Bosley, country living is good for those who work in the

countryside. !. Most rural dwellers hate going to work in town. •I. Women living in the country are happy looking after their children, v Deborah Bosley enjoys living in the country because she has a job she can

do from home. o. Problems with children start as they grow older. 7. Living in the country saves children from drugs.

Country Living Stinks

I've been living in the country for eight years and I've grown to hate it. As 1 write, 1 sit in a magnificent pile of rose-festooned, elegantly decaying 17th-iTiitury bricks in an isolated position high on the Berkshire Downs¹. The prop­erty is owned by my solvent and distinguished boyfriend and, thanks to his ef­forts, the garden is a blowzy, natural, slightly overgrown colour-supplement il­lustration of the good life.

It gets better. 1 live here rent-free with my son and enjoy all the privileges

01 a rich housewife. I do not have to go to work if I don't mind total financial

dependence on another, and 1 am not troubled by traffic, pollution, crime or

Oh yes, it's beautiful, unspoilt, exclusive, rich. All the things you want your

country home to be. So why isn't it working for me and why would I advise the
haрру newcomers to proceed with caution? The answer is simple (although it's
taken me eight years to work it out): social isolation, boredom and the long, slow death of the spirit due to a lack of stimulation.

Those who do well here have an occupation that purposefully occupies them in the working countryside, farmers, farriers , coal merchants and septic-tank cleaners" all thrive. The rest cither commute ridiculous distances to their place of work or stay at home looking at the kitchen clock and wondering if 11 a.m. is too early for sherry. I am fortunate because I have a job that I can do from home, and can look after my son with only part-time childeare. Ideal, isn't it? You wouldn't think so from the tar-off expressions on the faces of the women with children around here. We are a bemused-looking bunch who can't quite figure out why we're so disjointed and lonely. We spend long days trying to occupy our children, filling in the time until our partners get home from work wilh news of the outside world.

Those who survive here do so by getting the hell out at every opportunity. My illustrious boyfriend, who has lived here for more than 30 years, staunchly defends his love of the countryside and his determination to stay. Fair enough, but only severe illness or a train strike will keep him from going to London four days a week. Of the two friends I have made, one survives by running a business in South Africa, to which she has to travel frequently. And the other has such a saintly disposition that you could stick her in a war zone and she'd find something nice to say about it.

'it's so wonderful for the children, so much freedom," is the habitual cry of rural defenders. But think about it. Is it really? Yes, it's a thing of joy and beauty to watch your child run up a country lane with his dog, the cow parsley billowing in the breeze. But do it every day because there's nothing else to do, and it soon begins to pall. And what about when they get older and the nearest sports centre is 12 miles away? Do country children retire to their rooms with improving books? No, they do not. They do what bored children everywhere do - smoke dope and ring each other on their mobile phones.

Undoubtedly, my son will experiment with drugs and be a mobile-phone user, but there are survival skills I would like him to pick up along the way. Such as how to get on a bus or a train. How to deal with the homeless and street aggression. I don't want him to go into a pub at 18 for the first time in his life and be horrified when a fight breaks out. I want him to do a bit of underage drinking and clubbing, like youngsters in towns all over the country, and learn how to handle himself.

And what about me? Aided and abetted by a genetic disposition, country living has turned me into an alcoholic. Boredom and loneliness don't seem nearly so bad the other side of two bottles of wine a night. Now the highlight of my week is attending a local AA meeting on a Friday night.

1. 
   Deborah Bosley doesn't believe her boyfriend really enjoys living in the country.
   
2. 
   Deborah Bosley thinks the rural idyll is a myth.
   
3. 
   The article gives the reader an idea of an average Englishman's (Briton's) dream.
   
4. 
   The article is a warning to country-cottage dreamers.
   
5. 
   It is housewives that suffer most from country living.
   

1. 
   a magnificent pile of rose-festooned, elegantly decaying 17th-century bricks
   
2. 
   the garden is a blowzy, natural, slightly overgrown colour-supplement il­lustration of the good life
   
3. 
   our little slice of up-scale Berkshire is much sought after
   
4. 
   ...commute ridiculous distances to their place of work
   
5. 
   stay at home looking at the kitchen clock and wondering if 11 a.m. is too early for sherry
   
6. 
   rural defenders
   

7. 
   .. .do it every day and it soon begins to pall
   
8. 
   ...improving books
   
9. 
   ... aided and abetted by a genetic disposition
   
10. 
    the other side of two bottles a night
    

SPEAKING