is
the process by which individuals acquire political attitudes and develop patterns
of political behaviour.
The principal institutions of political socialization are the family, schools,
and the media. Many observers see the family as playing a particularly
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significant role in this process, as parents’ views have an important impact on
their children's outlook. The schools can be influential in political socialization,
too, since they provide young people with information and analysis of the
political world. All societies, even democracies, use educational institutions for
this purpose and political education generally reflects the norms and values of
the prevailing political order. Like the family and schools, the mass media can
have obvious effects on people's thinking and political behaviour. Today, many
speeches given by a nation's leaders are designed not for immediate listeners,
but for the larger television audience. Yet, a number of studies have reported
that the media do not tend to influence the masses of people directly. Messages
passed through the media first reach a small number of opinion leaders including
teachers, religious authorities, and community activists, and later, these leaders
«spread the word» to others over whom they have influence.
In theory, a representative democracy functions most effectively if the
majority of its citizens get involved in the political process. Unfortunately, this
is hardly the case in our contemporary societies. Though the majority is familiar
with the basics of the political life, but, only a small minority (often members of
the higher social classes) actually participates in political organizations on a
local or national level.
Sociologists note that people are more likely to participate actively in
political life if they feel that they have the ability to influence politicians and the
political order. In addition, citizens are willing to become involved if they trust
political leaders or feel that an organized political party represents their interests.
Without question, in an age marked by revelation of political corruption at the
highest level, many members of all social groups feel powerless and distrustful.
As a result, many view political participation, including voting at presidential
elections, as a waste of time.
When we speak about models of power structure, it is important to answer
the following questions: Who really holds power in a society? Do «we the
people» really run the country through elected representatives? Or is there a
small elite of people that governs behind the scenes? It is difficult to determine
the location of power in a society as complex as modern industrial ones. In
exploring these critical questions, social scientists have developed two basic
views of a nation's power structure: the elite and the pluralist models.
The elite model is a view of society as ruled by a small group of
individuals who share a common set of political and economic interests. Very
often it is the power elite, if all power – industrial, military, governmental – rests
in the hands of a few who control the fate of a state. Some sociologists do not
fully accept this power elite model and suggest that, in this case, a society is run
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and controlled by a social upper class, that is a ruling class
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