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standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. Alcoholics, gamblers,
persons with mental illnesses are all classified as deviants. Being late for class is
categorized as a deviant act; the same is true of dressing casually for a formal
wedding. On the basis of the sociological definition, we are all deviant from
time to time. Each of us violates common social norms in certain situations.
Deviance involves the violation of group norms including not only
criminal behaviour but also many actions not subject to prosecution. The public
official who takes a bribe has defied social norms, but so has the high school
student who refuses to sit in an assigned seat or cuts class. Therefore, deviation
from norms is not always negative, let alone criminal.
Deviance can be understood only within its social context. A photograph
of a nude woman or man may be perfectly appropriate in an art museum but
would be regarded as out of place in an elementary school classroom.
Standards of deviance vary from one group, society or culture to another.
In our society it is generally acceptable to sing along at a rock or folk concert,
but not at the opera. Just as deviance is defined by the social institution, so too is
it relative to time. For instance, having an alcoholic drink at 6 p.m. is a common
practice in our culture, but engaging in the same behaviour immediately upon
arising at 6 a.m. is viewed as a deviant act and as symptomatic of a drinking
problem.
Deviance, then, is a highly relative matter. Russians and Americans may
consider it strange for a person to fight a bull in an arena, before an audience of
screaming fans. Yet, we are not nearly so shocked by the practice of two humans
fighting each other with boxing gloves in front of a similar audience.
The highest form of deviation from formal social norms is represented by
crime which is a violation of criminal law for which formal penalties are applied
by governmental authority. Crimes are divided by law into various categories,
depending on the severity of the offense, the age of the offender, the potential
punishment and the court which decides this case.
Sociologists distinguish between types of crime on a somewhat different
basis and classify crimes in terms of how they are committed and how the
offenses are viewed by society. Thus, viewed from the sociological perspective,
there are five types of crimes:
1.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: