21st century skills in the context of mathematics 170. The PISA 2021 mathematical literacy framework introduces a particular set of 21st century
skills both as an outcome of and focus for mathematics. The background questionnaires could
productively examine both whether or not mathematics is contributing to the development of these
skills and if teaching practices are focusing on them. In particular, the
learning time and curriculum module could explore whether or not these skills appear in the enacted curriculum.
171. The results of the PISA 2021 survey will provide important information for educational policy
makers in the participating countries about both the achievement-related and attitude-related
outcomes of schooling. By combining information from the PISA assessment of mathematical
literacy and the survey information on attitudes, emotions and beliefs that predispose students to
use their mathematical literacy as well as the impact of the four developments described above, a
more complete picture will emerge.
