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Queen Victoria, who had reigned since 1837, died in 1901 and was
succeeded by her son, Edward VII, who, in turn, was succeeded by George V
in 1910.
In 1914, Britain entered the First World War by declaring war on
Germany. Nearly a million Britons were killed in the war, which lasted until
Germany's surrender on 11 November 1918.
Home Rule in Ireland, which had been a major political issue since the
late 19th century but put on hold by the war, was somewhat resolved after the
Irish War of Independence brought the British Government to a stalemate in
1922. Negotiations led to the formation of the Irish Free State. However, in
order to
appease Unionists in the north, the north-eastern six counties
remained as part of the U.K., with its own Parliament at Stormont in Belfast.
Having been in power for much of the early 20th century under Prime
Ministers Campbell-Bannerman, Asquith and Lloyd George, the Liberal party
suffered a sharp decline from 1922;
the newly formed Labour party, whose
leader Ramsay Macdonald led two minority governments, swiftly became the
Conservatives'
main opposition, and Britain's largest party of the left.
King Edward VIII succeeded his father George V in January 1936, but
was quickly met with difficulties due to his love affair with Wallis Simpson,
an American who had already been married twice. In December, he decided
to abdicate in order to be able to marry Simpson, and his brother George VI
was crowned king.
In order to avoid
another European conflict, Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain attempted to appease German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, who was
expanding his country's territory across Central Europe. Despite proclaiming
that he has achieved "peace for our time", Britain declared war on Germany
on 3 September 1939, following Hitler's invasion of Poland two days earlier.
The U.K. thus joined the Allied forces in opposition to the Axis forces of
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. For the first time, civilians were not exempt
from the war, as London suffered nightly bombings during the Blitz. At the
war's end in 1945, however, the U.K. emerged as one of the victorious
nations.
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