C.
Activities
Look at several models below. In pairs make notes and explain each
model`s structure.
92
Text 2. Radioactivity
«The release of atomic energy has not created
a new problem. It has merely made more
urgent the necessity of solving an existing one»
Albert Einstein
PRE-READING
Give answers to the following questions:
1.
How does radioactivity of an atom affect the human body/organism?
2.
Do you know who regulates radioactive materials and radiation
exposure?
Active vocabulary
Word
Pronunciation
Translation
acute, adj.
/əˈkjuːt/
острый, сильный, критический
artificial, adj.
/ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃəl/
искусственный, неприродный,
синтетический, syn. factitious
bone marrow
/bəʊnˈmærəʊ/
костный мозг
byproduct, n.
/ˈbɑɪˌprɑdəkt/
побочный продукт
cancer, n.
/ˈkænsər/
рак
carbon, n.
/ˈkɑːbən/
углерод
cell, n.
/sel/
клетка, ячейка
chain, n.
/tʃeɪn/
цепь, последовательность, связь,
система, сеть
damage, v.
/ˈdæmɪdʒ/
повреждать, причинять ущерб,
портить, syn. destroy, make harm,
ruin
decay, n.
/dɪˈkeɪ/
(радиоактивный) распад
decrease, v.
/dɪˈkriːs/
уменьшать(ся),убавлять(ся),
сокращать(ся), syn. diminish,
lessen
dose, n.
/dəʊs/
доза, доля, порция
estimate, v.
/ˈestɪmət/
оценивать, syn. assess, evaluate
excited, adj.
/ɪkˈsaɪtɪd/
возбужденный
hemorrhaging, /ˈhemərɪdʒɪŋ/
кровотечение, syn. bleeding
n.
93
half-life, n.
/ˈhɑːf laɪf/
период полураспада
infrared, adj.
/ˌɪnfrəˈred/
инфракрасный
inhale, v.
/ɪnˈheɪl/
вдыхать, syn. inbreathe
ingest, v.
/ɪnˈdʒest/
проглатывать,глотать,syn.
swallow
iodine, n.
/ˈaɪədiːn/
йод
ionize, v.
/ˈaɪənaɪz/
ионизировать
isotope, n.
/ˈaɪsətəʊp/
изотоп
likelihood, n.
/ˈlaɪklihʊd/
вероятность, syn. possibility,
probability
lymph node
/lɪmf nəʊd/
лимфатический узел
nuclide, n.
/ˈnuklaɪd/
нуклид, ядро с определенным
нуклонным составом
penetrate, v.
/ˈpenɪtreɪt/
проникать, проходить, syn. come
through, permeate
poisoning, n.
/ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ/
отравление, интоксикация, syn.
intoxication, toxication
potassium, n.
/pəˈtæsiəm/
калий
preponderance, /prɪˈpɒndərəns/
перевес, преимущество
n.
radioisotope,
/ˌreɪdioʊˈaɪsəˌtoʊp/
радиоактивный
n.
изотоп,радиоизотоп
random, adj.
/ˈrændəm/
случайный, произвольный
repel, v.
/rɪˈpel/
отталкивать,
отбрасывать,
отражать
stable, adj.
/ˈsteɪbl/
прочный,
устойчивый,
постоянный, syn.
firm, rigid,
steady
ultraviolet, adj. /ˌʌltrəˈvaɪələt/
ультрафиолетовый
undergo, v.
/ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ/
испытывать, переносить, syn.
overcome
via, prep.
/vaɪə/
через
94
READING
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary:
Sometimes the nucleus of an atom is unstable. A change will occur in
the nucleus to make it more stable. The change is called decay. When a
nucleus decays it will emit some particles or waves. Emitting particles or
waves from the nucleus is called radioactivity.
Radioactivity was discovered by A. H. Becquerel in 1896. Radioactive
decay is a random process which gives out heat. The particles or waves that
are emitted are called radiation. The radiation was classified by E.
Rutherford as alpha, beta, and gamma rays (for the first three letters of the
Greek alphabet) according to their ability to penetrate matter and ionize air.
Alpha decay
An alpha particle is identical to a helium nucleus, being made up of
two protons and two neutrons bound together. It initially escapes from the
nucleus of its parent atom, invariably one of the heaviest elements, by
quantum mechanical processes and is repelled further from it by
electromagnetism, as both the alpha particle and the nucleus are positively
charged. The process changes the original atom from which the alpha
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