Unit 4
Mathematics
1. Read, translate and give the summary of the text ―The Resolution of
Singularities‖.
The Resolution of Singularities
Virtually all important mathematical structures come with a notion of
equivalence. For instance, we regard two groups as equivalent if they
are isomorphic, and we regard two topological spaces as equivalent if
there is a continuous map from one to the other with a continuous
inverse (in which case we say that they are
homeomorphic
). In general,
a notion of equivalence is useful if properties that we are interested in
are unaffected when we replace an object by an equivalent one: for
example, if
G
is a finitely generated Abelian group and
H
is isomorphic to
G
, then
H
is a finitely generated Abelian group.
A useful notion of equivalence for algebraic varieties is that of
birational
equivalence. Roughly speaking, two varieties
V
and
W
are said
to be birationally equivalent if there is a rational map from
V
to
W
with a
rational inverse. If
V
and
W
are presented as solution sets of equations
in some coordinate system, then these rational maps are just rational
functions in the coordinates that send points of
V
to points of
W
.
However, it is important to understand that a rational map from
V
to
W
is
not literally a function from
V
to
W
, because it is allowed to be undefined
at certain points of
V
.
Consider, for example, how we might map the infinite cylinder {(
x
,
y
,
z
):
x
²+
y
² = 1} to the cone {(
x
,
y
,
z
):
x
²+
y
² =
z
²}. An obvious map would be
the function
f
(
x
,
y
,
z
) = (
zx
,
zy
,
z
), which we could try to invert using the
map
g
(
x
,
y
,
z
) = (
x/z
,
y/z
,
z
). However,
g
is not defined at the point (0, 0,
0). Nevertheless, the cylinder and the cone are birationally equivalent,
and algebraic geometers would say that
g
“blows up” the point (0, 0, 0) to
the circle {(
x
,
y
,
z
):
x
² +
y
² = 1,
z
= 0}.
49
The main property of a variety
V
that is preserved by birational
equivalence is the so-called
function field
of
V
, which consists of all
rational functions defined on
V
. (What precisely this means is not
completely obvious: in some contexts,
V
is a subset of a larger space
such as Cⁿ in which we can talk about ratios of polynomials, and then
one possible definition of a rational function on
V
is that it is an
equivalence class of such ratios, where two of them are counted as
equivalent if they take the same values on
V
).
A famous theorem of Hironaka, proved in 1964, states that every
algebraic variety (over a field of characteristic 0) is birationally equivalent
to an algebraic variety without singularities, with some technical
conditions on the birational equivalence that are needed for the theorem
to be interesting and useful. The example given earlier is a simple
illustration: the cone has a singularity at (0, 0, 0) but the cylinder is
smooth everywhere. Hironaka‟s proof was well over two hundred pages
long, but his argument has since been substantially simplified by several
authors.
From ―The Princeton Companion to Mathematics‖ (2008),
edited by Timothy Gowers
.
2. Nota bene!
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