Сборник международной научно-практической
жүктеу/скачать 11,88 Mb. Pdf көрінісі
|
Сборник зимней школыы 2019
| Materials and methods
Pollution in Kazakhstan Industrial pollution is a concern in Kazakhstan's manufacturing cities, where aging factories pump huge quantities of unfiltered pollutants into the air and groundwater. Almaty, is particularly threatened, in part because of the postindependence boom in private automobile ownership There is air pollution from iron and steel factories and industries that use low-grade coal. Plants in industrial centers lack controls on effluents into the air and water. Zinc and lead smelters and uranium processing plants have polluted cities in eastern Kazakhstan. Mean objectives: In some big cities and industrial centers concentrations of some toxic substances, such as heavy metal dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon oxide, and some others, exceed maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) greater by more than tens of time. The most acute situations are in the cities of Taraz, Temirtau, Almaty, Oskemen, Leninogor, Shymkent and Balkash. Pollutant concentrations in these cities are five to ten times greater than MPC limits The air in the regions, where mineral resources are exploited is significantly polluted. Pollution is also caused by rockets launching at the Baikonur space center. Industrial pollution is aggravated by large-scale chemical pollution caused by agriculture. Various chemical used for plant protection, defoliants, pesticides, and fertilizers pollute both the environmental and food. Oil pumped from Tengiz Field contains high levels of hydrogen sulfide. Processing it generates huge pools of blood red sulfur that dries into 11-meter tall yellow slabs that are stacked neatly and sold to chemical companies and other buyers. As of 2001, about 4.4 million tons of sulfur had been produced. Exxon and Chevron, who have a 75 percent stake in Tengiz, insist the sulfur doesn’t cause any long term health problems. Environmentalist disagree. They say that workers at the field and people that live in the area have unusually high mortality rates. Soviet exploitation of Tengiz Field was sloppy and poorly managed. As a reminder of this there are many pools of oil scum on the steppe. In 1985 a well caught on fire and burned for a year, producing bright shards of crystallized sanoily plumes that drifted to the north and was picked up by satellites. The disaster killed more than a million birds. Most of Kazakhstan’s water supply has been polluted by industrial and agricultural runoff and, in some places, radioactivity. Lake Balkhash — Kazakhstan’s and Central Asia’s largets lake — has been polluted by copper smelters. Significant shallowing also threatens Lake Balkash. Its western part can dry out completely while its eastern part can turn into salty land. About 35 to 40 percent of the water the drains into Syr Darya in Kazakhstan is contaminated with industrial and communal waste waters. Pathogens of dysentery, enteric fever, paratyphoid, hepatitis, and 77 hazardous substances such as DDT, benzene hexachlonde (BHC) have been found in water samples. The most visible damage has been to the Aral Sea, which as recently as the 1970s was larger than any of the Great Lakes of North America save Lake Superior. The sea began to shrink rapidly when sharply increased irrigation and other demands on the only significant tributaries, the Syrdariya and the Amu Darya (the latter reaching the Aral from neighboring Uzbekistan), all but eliminated inflow. By 1993 the Aral Sea had lost an estimated 60 percent of its volume, in the process breaking into three unconnected segments. Increasing salinity and reduced habitat have killed the Aral Sea's fish, hence destroying its once-active fishing industry, and the receding shoreline has left the former port of Aral'sk more than sixty kilometers from the water's edge. The depletion of this large body of water has increased temperature variations in the region, which in turn have had an impact on agriculture. *A much greater agricultural impact, however, has come from the salt- and pesticide-laden soil that the wind is known to carry as far away as the Himalaya Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Deposition of this heavily saline soil on nearby fields effectively sterilizes them. Evidence suggests that salts, pesticides, and residues of chemical fertilizers are also adversely affecting human life around the former Aral Sea; infant mortality in the region approaches 10 percent, compared with the 1991 national rate of 2.7 percent. Result The water level of the Caspian Sea has been rising steadily since 1978 for reasons that scientists have not been able to explain fully. At the northern end of the sea, more than a million hectares of land in Atyrau Province have been flooded. Experts estimate that if current rates of increase persist, the coastal city of Atyrau, eighty-eight other population centers, and many of Kazakhstan's Caspian oil fields could be submerged by 2020.there are some common water that we have like Amo river , the user includes Tagikstan ,Torkmanstan,Ozbekstan, Kazakhastan, Afghanstan has 5 basin and Amo river is one of our blue basins ,Environmental and water pollution in Afghanstan relatively us Kazakhstan ,despite our pollution is low but now increasing, for that Afghanistan's Water Resources and Pollution. The mountains of Afghanistan have always served as a natural storage facility and source of water. In fact, more than 80% of Afghanistan's water resources originate in the Hindu Kush Mountains. The snow accumulates in the winter, and melts in the spring. This, along with the melting of the glaciers in the summer feed important rivers like the Amu Darya. The Amu Darya basin alone holds more than 55% of Afghanistan's water resources.Unfortunately, drought and warming of air temperatures have reduced the size of the glaciers in Afghanistan. Major glaciers in the Pamir and Hindu Kush have considerably shrunk, while smaller ones have been reported to have completely vanished. A severe drought in 2001 further prevented the feeding of the Sistan wetlands by the Helmand river, and unfortunately by 2003, satellite images showed that 99% of the Sistan wetlands were dried up. As a result, much of the Sistan basin's natural vegetation has died, and an increase in soil erosion has occurred, as well as the spread of sand on to roads, fields and settlements. Waterfowl were also severely affected as the Sistan wetlands were very important to the birds. In the mid 1970s, there were close to 150 different species of waterfowl that were identified in the area, few to none remain today. Nationwide, the majority of Afghan households do not have access to safe drinking water. Because of unsafe sanitary facilities, water contamination is a major issue in Afghanistan. Many water sources are contaminated with harmful bacteria such as E. Coli which sickens and kills many people, especially children and the elderly. Valuable water resources are polluted as a result of the disposal of industrial and domestic liquid wastes. It's common for household discharge and street waste to end up in streams. Moreover, in some bodies of water, the amount of hazardous chemicals fail hygienic standards. Even in the capital of Kabul, there are places where the water quality is so poor that it is unsafe for consumption. A Water Law has been developed and will hopefully address the pollution, and water quality standards, however, it is only in a draft form and still in the 78 legislative pipeline. The government must put together a plan to ensure safe drinking water for its citizens, as well as assess and develop adaptation plans for the impacts of climate change on Afghanistan's water resources. The reduction and loss of Afghanistan's glaciers, drought, war related damage to the irrigation systems it does have, poor management, waste, pollution, and the fact that over 80% of Afghans are engaged in agriculture and livestock-raising, makes tund in the. жүктеу/скачать 11,88 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|