Working bibliography
Blokh M. Y.
A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow,
2004. P. 55–60.
Crystal D.
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language / D. Crystal.
Cambridge Univ. Press. 1995. P. 200–201.
Ilyish B. A.
The Structure of Modern English / B. A. Ilyish. Leningrad, 1971.
P. 36–41.
30
8. noun: category of case
The problem of case in Modern English nouns is one of the
most difficult problems in English grammar. The traditional view
presented in most practical grammars is that English nouns have two
cases: a common case (e. g.
father
) and a possessive or genitive case
(e. g.
father’s
). However, there are some other views which can be
divided into two main groups: 1) the number of cases in English is more
than two; 2) there are no cases at all in Modern English nouns.
The classical definition of the grammatical category of case reads:
“Case is the category of a noun expressing relations between the thing
denoted by the noun and other things, or properties, or actions, and
manifested by some formal sign in the noun itself ”. This sign is almost
always an inflection, and it may also be a zero sign i. e. the grammatically
meaningful absence of any sign. It is obvious that the minimal number
of case forms in a given language system is two because at least two
grammatically correlated elements are needed to establish a category.
Thus case is a part of the morphological system of a language. With this
interpretation in view, it is hardly possible to accept the theories which
hold that case may also be expressed by prepositions or by the word
order. It is the position of Max Deutschbein and some other scholars
that Modern English nouns have four cases, viz. nominative, genitive,
dative and accusative, of which the genitive case is expressed by the -‘
s
inflection and by the preposition
of
, the dative — by the preposition
to
and also by the word order, and the accusative is distinguished from the
dative by the word order alone. But there is a contradiction here pointed
out by B. A. Ilyish. He says that once we admit prepositions, or word
order, or any other non-morphological means of expressing case, the
number of cases may grow indefinitely. There may be an instrumental
case expressed by the preposition
with
, or a locative case expressed by
the preposition
in
, or any other case. That view would mean abandoning
the idea of the morphological category of case and confusing word-
forms with syntactic phenomena.
It seems obvious that the two-case system (the common case and
the possessive case) is a reasonable choice from the morphological
point of view. It should be kept in mind, however, that the possibility of
31
forming the possessive case, also referred to as s-genitive, is limited to
English nouns denoting living beings (first of all, person nouns, e. g.
my
father’s room
)
and a few others (those denoting units of time, e. g.
this
year’s elections
, and also some substantivized adverbs, e. g.
yesterday’s
news
). It should also be noted that this limitation is not too strict and
there seems to be some tendency at work to use the s-genitive more
extensively (e. g.
a work’s popularity
,
the engine’s life
).
The other problem with the possessive case is the possibility in
Modern English of such expressions as
Smith and Brown’s office
,
the
King of England’s residence
,
the Oxford professor of poetry’s lecture
, etc
in which the -‘
s
refers to the whole group of words. In such collocations
as
somebody else’s child
,
nobody else’s business
the word immediately
preceding the -‘
s
inflection is an adverb which could not by itself have
the possessive (genitive) case form. Formations of this kind are not
rare. In Sweet’s famous example,
the man I saw yesterday’s son
, the -‘
s
inflection refers to the whole attributive clause. All these phenomena
give rise to doubts about the existence of a traditional morphological
case system in Modern English, in particular about the form in -‘
s
being
a case form at all.
The problem of case in Modern English has been variously
interpreted by many scholars, both in this country and elsewhere.
M. Y. Blokh says that four special views should be considered as
essential in the analysis of this grammatical phenomenon. The first view
called “the theory of positional cases” is directly connected with old
grammatical tradition and can be found in the works of J. C. Nesfield,
M. Deutschbein, M. Bryant and some other scholars. According to
them, the English noun, on the analogy on classical Latin grammar,
could distinguish, besides the inflectional genitive case, also the non-
inflectional, i. e. purely positional cases: nominative, vocative, dative,
and accusative. The prerequisite for such an interpretation is the fact
that the functional meanings rendered by cases can be expressed in
language by non-morphological means, in particular, by word-order.
The second view is called “the theory of prepositional cases”. It is
also connected with the old school grammar teaching and was advanced
as a logical supplement to the positional view of the case. In accord with
32
the prepositional theory, combinations of nouns with prepositions in
certain collocations should be understood as morphological case forms.
To these belong first of all the dative case (
to
+noun,
for
+ noun) and the
genitive case (
of
+ noun). These prepositions, according to G. Curme,
are “inflectional prepositions” equivalent to case inflections. The
prepositional cases are taken, by the scholars who recognize them, as
coexisting with positional cases together with the classical inflectional
genitive (possessive) completing the case system of the English noun.
The third view of the English noun case recognizes a limited
inflectional system of two cases in English: the common case and the
possessive (genitive) case. The limited case theory is most broadly
accepted among linguists. It was developed by such scholars as H. Sweet,
O. Jespersen. In the works of A. I. Smirnitsky and L. S. Barkhudarov it
is presented as an oppositional system, the genitive form marked with
the -‘
s
inflection being the strong member of the categorical opposition,
the common, or the non-genitive form being the weak member. The
limited case theory applies to the noun-forms with the -‘
s
inflection;
the specific word-combinations of the type
Smith and Brown’s office
,
somebody else’s daughter
, etc, where the -‘
s
refers to the whole phrase,
are not taken into consideration.
The forth view of the problem of the English noun cases treats
the English noun as having lost the category of case in the course of
its historical development. All the noun cases, including genitive, are
regarded as extinct. The only existing case inflection -‘
s
is described
by the proponents of this approach (G. N. Vorontsova and some
other scholars) as a specific postpositional element — the possessive
postposition. One cannot but acknowledge the rational character of this
reasoning; it is based on the careful observation of the linguistic data.
For all that, however, the theory of the possessive postposition fails to
take into account the inflectional nature of the -‘
s
.
We have considered theoretical aspects of the problem of case
of the English noun. As a result of the analysis, we may come to the
conclusion that the inflectional case of nouns in English has practically
ceased to exist. The remaining two-case system has a limited application
in the expression of various case relations in Modern English.
33
The personal pronouns in English are commonly interpreted as
having a case system of their own, quite different from that of nouns.
The two cases traditionally recognized here are the nominative case
(
I
,
you
,
he
, etc.) and the objective case (
me
,
you
,
him
, etc).
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