Working bibliography
Иванова И. П.
теоретическая грамматика современного английского
языка / и. п. иванова, в. в. бурлакова, г. г. почепцов. М., 1981.
с. 21–22.
Blokh M. Y.
A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow,
2004. P. 48–55.
Ilyish B. A.
The Structure of Modern English / B. A. Ilyish. Leningrad, 1971.
P. 64–65.
7. noun: category of number
Modern English, as many other languages, distinguishes between
two numbers, singular and plural. Their categorical meaning is clear
enough: the singular number shows that one object is meant, the plural
shows that two or more objects are meant. Thus, the opposition is
“one — more than one” (e. g.
student — students
,
girl — girls
,
story —
stories
,
etc), with the plural forms being the strong member, marked by
the -
s
inflection in its three phonetic variants: [s], [z], [iz].
There are some closed groups of nouns which display exceptional
plural forms:
28
1) Four nouns add the non-productive suffixes -
en
, -
ren
(
ox —
oxen
,
child — children
,
brother — brethren
,
aurochs — aurochsen
).
2) Seven nouns change their vowel; this process is known as
mutation, or sound alternation (
man — men
,
woman — women
,
goose —
geese
,
foot — feet
,
tooth — teeth
,
mouse — mice
,
louse — lice
). The
change does not take place when there is a derived sense, as when
louse
refers to a person (
you, louses
) or
mouse
to a character (
We’ve hired
three Mickey Mouses this month
).
3) A few nouns have the same form for both singular and plural,
even though they are semantically variable, allowing a difference
between “one” and “more than one”. Only the context enables us
to know which meaning is intended (
sheep — sheep
,
deer — deer
,
salmon — salmon
,
aircraft — aircraft
,
offspring — offspring
,
series —
series
,
species — species
).
4) Many nouns, borrowed from Latin or Greek, have kept the
original plural (e.
g.
alga — algae
,
larva — larvae
,
bacterium —
bacteria
,
datum — data
,
phenomenon — phenomena
,
criterion —
criteria
,
bacillus — bacilli
,
locus — loci
,
nucleus — nuclei
,
stimulus —
stimuli
,
codex — codices
,
analysis — analyses
,
basis — bases
,
crisis — crises
, etc). There are variations of usage with some other
Latin or Greek words, that is the original plural form vs Standard
English one (e. g.
antenna — ae/-s
,
formula — ae/-s
,
aquarium — a/-s
,
maximum — a/-s
,
medium — a/-s
,
referendum — a/-s
,
forum — a/-s
,
focus — i/-es
,
fungus — i/es
,
cactus — i/es
,
syllabus — i/es
,
radius —
i/ es
,
index — ices/-es
,
appendix — ices/-es
,
apex — ices/-es
,
vortex —
ices/-es
,
matrix — ices/-es
, etc).
Many English nouns do not show a contrast between singular and
plural. They are classified into several groups.
Nouns
with the descriptive plural. The plural form of such a noun
has a pronounced stylistic coloring due to the usage of the uncountable
noun in the function of the countable noun, e. g. the waters of the Atlantic;
Arabia, the land of sands; “A Daughter of the Snows” (J. London). The
opposition “one — more than one” does not apply here. We could not
possibly say
three waters
, or
five snows
. The real difference in meaning
between
water
and
waters
, or
snow
and
snows
is that the plural form
serves to denote a landscape or seascape in order to impress (a vast
29
stretch of water; the ground covered by snow, etc). A peculiar stylistic
value of such forms is evident.
Nouns with a fully lexicalized plural form. The plural form develops
a completely new meaning which the singular does not have at all, e. g.
colour
—
colours
(флаг),
custom
—
customs
(таможня).
Pluralia Tantum nouns. These are nouns which have only a plural
and no singular form. Here belong the names of “two-part” items
(
trousers
,
scissors
,
binoculars
,
jeans
, etc) and nouns of indefinite
plurality (
annals
,
amends
,
auspices
,
congratulations
,
dregs
,
outskirts
,
remains
,
thanks
,
tropics
, etc).
There are also a few nouns which look singular but are always
plural (
vermin
,
people
,
livestock
, etc).
Singularia Tantum nouns. These are nouns which have only
a singular and no plural form. In fact, they are uncountable, because
they denote material substance (
air
,
milk
,
oxygen
,
oil
, etc) or abstract
notions (
peace
,
usefulness
,
music
, etc). However, such nouns may
become countable if they are used to denote objects made of the
material (
iron — irons
), or special kinds of the substance (
wine —
wines
), or objects/persons exhibiting the quality denoted by the noun
(
beauty — beauties
).
Names of subjects, diseases, and games, such as
linguistics
,
mathematics
,
physics
,
mumps
,
billiards
, etc are always in the singular.
Collective nouns and nouns of multitude. These are nouns denoting
groups of human beings (
family
,
folk
,
party
,
government
,
police
, etc)
and also of animals (
cattle
,
poultry
) which can be used in two different
ways: either they are taken to denote the group as a whole, or else they
are taken to denote the group as consisting of a number of individuals
(e. g.
My family is small — My family are early risers
).
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |