| on Monday morning
.
We told him
then
… Some place relaters (
here
,
there
) can be pro-forms
for place adjuncts. The auxiliaries
do
,
does
,
did
can be pro-forms for
verb-phrases, e. g.
He promised to come and so he did.
The method of representation is different from substitution in that it
does not use an extra word to represent a phrase. A part of the phrase is
used in representation leaving the rest of it in implication, e. g.
He was
not able to save them, though he tried to
. Representation by an auxiliary
verb or a modal verb is highly typical of the English language.
The problem with the methods of substitution and representation
is that they are not rigorous enough. Sometimes pro-forms can be used
for both phrases and their constituents (
student’s book — his book
), or
else one pro-form can substitute two phrases (
We saw John at nine
on
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