Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка : учебное пособие
simple sentence: constituent structure
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Theoretical Grammar
| 25. simple sentence: constituent structure
As M. Y. Blokh puts it, simple sentence is organized as a system of function-expressing positions. The parts of the sentence are arranged in a hierarchy wherein all of them perform some modifying roles. Thus, the subject is a person-modifier of the predicate. The predicate is a process-modifier of the subject-person. The object is a substance- modifier of the process. The adverbial is a quality-modifier of the predicate part or the sentence as a whole. The attribute is a quality- modifier of a substantive part. The parenthetical enclosure is a detached speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part or the sentence as a whole. The addressing enclosure (address) is a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence. The interjectional enclosure is a speaker- bound emotional modifier of the sentence as a whole. The ultimate objective of this integral modification is the sentence as a whole and the reflection of the situation or the situational event. The subject is one of the two main parts of the sentence. It denotes the thing whose action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate. In both practical and theoretical approaches, it is the problem of the 75 anticipatory subject which is worth considering first of all. It refers to the sentences of the type:
The most convincing interpretation of this sentence structure, proposed by R. Quirk, is as follows. The subject is placed at the end of the sentence, and the subject position is filled by the anticipatory pronoun
. The
sentence thus contains two subjects, which are identified as the postponed subject (the element which is notionally the subject of the sentence) and the anticipatory subject (
).
The predicate is one of the two main parts of the sentence. It denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject. Structurally predicates may be simple or compound, morphologically — verbal or nominal. The resulting types are: a simple verbal predicate, a compound verbal predicate, a simple nominal predicate, a compound nominal predicate. The compound nominal predicate always consists of a link-verb and a predicative (complement) of any type. The link-verb be is regarded as the most abstract (a pure link verb). The other link-verbs have each some lexical meaning, either factual ( become ,
,
,
,
,
keep ,
etc), or perceptional (
,
,
,
,
,
etc). It must be kept in mind that some notional verbs (especially intransitive verbs of position and motion) can perform the function of a link-verb without losing their lexical nominative value, e. g.: The moon rose red ;
found guilty . Since such sentences have both a simple verbal predicate and a compound nominal predicate in their structure, they form a special or mixed type of sentences with a double predicate. The simple nominal predicate is rare in English but still a living type. In fact, it is a compound nominal predicate with a link-verb omitted, e. g.:
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