compound verbal predicate is a real problem. It arises from the fact
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of a phasal verb (
begin
,
start
,
continue
,
etc) with an infinitive or gerund
is regarded as the compound verbal phrasal predicate, or the compound
verbal aspect predicate. Some scholars, in particular V. V. Burlakova,
do not agree with this interpretation and treat such forms as free word
combinations of a simple verbal predicate with an object of any kind,
infinitive included.
The theory of the secondary parts of the sentence has many weak
points. First of all, there is a problem of definitions of the object, the
attribute and the adverbial modifier. In Modern English, with its case
system practically ruined, it is very difficult to give a definition of the
object based on its formal and semantic properties, though it is common
practice to speak about the direct object and the indirect object (including
the prepositional one). R. Quirk proposes the following definition of
the direct object: “The direct object is by far the most frequent kind of
object and it must always be present if there is an indirect object in the
sentence:
He had given the girl an apple
. As here, the indirect object
almost always precedes the direct object: it is characteristically a noun
referring to a person, and the semantic relationship is often such, that
it is appropriate to use the term “recipient”. Loosely, one might say
in most cases that something (the direct object) tends to be done for
(or received by) the indirect object” (R. Quirk et al, p. 21). Sometimes
it is hard to distinguish the object from the adverbial modifier, e. g.:
He entered the room
;
Mary lived with her parents
.
The traditional definition of the adverbial modifier is rather vague:
it is a secondary part of the sentence serving to characterize an action
or a property as to its quality or intensity, or to indicate the way an
action is done, the time, place, cause, purpose, or condition with which
the action is connected. R. Quirk describes three classes of adverbials:
adjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts. According to him adverbials may be
integrated into the structure of the clause or they may be peripheral to it.
If integrated, they are termed adjuncts, e. g.
He writes to his parents
because of money.
If peripheral, they are termed disjuncts (
To my regret,
they did not leave for home
) and conjuncts (
What’s more, I’m going
to tell him that myself
), the distinction between the two being that
conjuncts have primarily a connective function.
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The attribute is defined as a secondary part of the sentence
modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a noun-pronoun,
a cardinal numeral or any other substantivized word, and characterizing
the thing, named by these words, as to its quality and property. And here
again we have the problem of differentiation between the object and the
attribute in a sentence. B. A. Ilyish says that in many cases the answer
to the question whether a secondary part expresses a thing or a property
will be arbitrary, that is it will depend on the scholar’s opinion and not
on any objective criteria. In the sentence:
The gloom of winter twilight
closed about her
the phrase
of winter twilight
modifies the noun
gloom
and may be either an object or an attribute (denoting either a thing or
a property). Also compare:
The idea of such a travel was good
;
This
pair of shoes does not fit you.
Another problem with the attribute is its grammatical status. There
is a view expressed by many scholars that the attribute is a part of
a phrase rather than a sentence. In particular, B. A. Ilyish points out
the fact that an attribute often comes within a part of a sentence, for
example, between the article and the noun to which the article belongs.
It speaks strongly in favor of the view that the attribute stands on
a lower level than the usual parts of the sentence and that it should be
considered a part of a phrase, not of a sentence.
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