Е. А. Огнева Лингвострановедение: британская палитра Учебное пособие
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Ogneva E. Lingvostranovedenie
| 6.4. Эпоха Просвещения – XVIII век.
Даниэль Дефо был создателем жанра романа Нового Времени как эпоса частной жизни отдельного человека, его популярнейший роман «Робинзон Крузо», опубликованный в 1719 году, переведён на многие языки. Роман начинается словами: «I was born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a for- eigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called – nay we call ourselves and write our name – Crusoe; and so my companions always called me. I had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieuten- ant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards. What became of my second brother I never knew, any more than my father or mother knew what became of me. Being the third son of the family and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with rambling thoughts …». 102 Приключения Робинзона Крузо не завершились после его спасения и возвращения в Англию. Даниель Дефо напи- сал продолжение приключений Робинзона Круза в Великой Тартарии и в государствах, которые расположены на её зем- лях, т.е. в Китайской и Российской империях (Московии). В книге Даниэлем Дефо подробно описаны нравы и быт насе- ления Великой Тартарии: русских (сибирских) казаков, ки- тайцев, татар. Джонатан Свифт был современником и, по взглядам, литературным противником Дефо. Роман «Путешествие Гулливера» Свифт написал как пародию на «Робинзона Кру- зо», так как не принимал социального оптимизма Дефо. Бес- смертное произведение Gulliver`s Travels начитается сле- дующими словами: My father had a small estate in Nottinghamshire: I was the third of five sons. He sent me to Emanuel College in Cambridge at fourteen years old, where I resided three years, and applied myself close to my studies; but the charge of maintaining me, although I had a very scanty allowance, being too great for a nar- row fortune, I was bound apprentice to Mr. James Bates, an emi- nent surgeon in London, with whom I continued four years. My father now and then sending me small sums of money, I laid them out in learning navigation, and other parts of the mathe- matics, useful to those who intend to travel, as I always believed it would be, some time or other, my fortune to do. When I left Mr. Bates, I went down to my father: where, by the assistance of him and my uncle John, and some other relations, I got forty pounds, and a promise of thirty pounds a year to maintain me at Leyden: there I studied physic two years and seven months, knowing it would be useful in long voyages. Этот контекст полезно было бы сравнить с вышепри- ведённым началом произведения «Robinson Crusoe». В 40-60-е годы XVIII века в английской литературе происходит расцвет жанра социально-бытового нравоучи- тельного романа, в русле которого работали Генри Филдинг, и Сэмюэл Ричардсон. Самый известный роман Филдинга – |