for the topic “Oil & Gas and Petrochemical Industries”. Use the website

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EXPLORING GRAMMAR
Exercise 8. Read the sentences, point out the complex sentences. Give the Rus-
sian equivalents. If you have some difficulties, use the grammar reference at 
the end of the book.
1. Hydrogen and carbon making up petroleum came from plants and ani-
mals which were living on land and in sea long ago. 2. This explanation that 
you managed to listen to is generally accepted by scientists. 3. I believe you 
know, that carbon and hydrogen are the primary constituents of organic ma-
terials, both plant and animal. 4. Moreover, according to the material that you 
read before, carbon, hydrogen, and hydrocarbons are constantly produced by 
life processes of plants and animals. 5. Gas accumulates on the top of the res-
ervoir as a “gas cap” over the oil in a typical trap, which one can be aware of. 
6. Most of the world’s petroleum was found trapped in rocks, which are porous 
by nature. 7. It occurs because natural gas is lighter than oil, which in its turn 
is lighter than water. 8. Porosity is the ability of the rock which is character-
ized by holding oil and gas like water in a sponge. 9. Geophysicists can identify 
the structure, configuration, thickness, and depth of new basins if they apply 
measuring. 10. It is a well-known fact that heat and pressure transformed the 
organic materials into solid, liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. 
Exercise 9. Make up your own sentences according to the models. 
Model A
: Main products are crude oil and natural gas. They have been used 
throughout the history.
 
Main products are crude oil and natural gas which have been used 
throughout the history.
1. The oil industry has four processes. They are of great importance 2. The 
four processes are exploration, well development, production, and site aban-
donment. They make up entire cycle. 3. Well development is the first phase. 
It means the construction of wells. 4. Production is the second stage. It im-
plies extracting of hydrocarbons and separating them. 5. Site abandonment is 
the final stage. It involves plugging the well.
Model B:
Drilling, casing, and testing are completed. The drilling rig is removed.
 
When drilling, casing, and testing are completed, the drilling rig is re-
moved. 
1. Drilling rig is removed. The production rig is installed. 2. Formation 
pressure is not sufficient. Pumps are added. 3. Natural gas cannot be stored 
easily. A pipeline connection is connected to the well. 4. The stimulation of the 
formation is required. The hydrocarbons can hardly move more easily to the 

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wellbore through the pores and fractures into the reservoir. 5. The stimulation 
is done in some cases. The pump is removed for maintenance.

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