English for medical students посібник з англійської мови
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- Exercise 2. Read and remember interesting facts about ears
- Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations
- Exercise 4. Read and translate the text: EAR DISEASES
Exercise 1. Topical vocabulary:
Exercise 2. Read and remember interesting facts about ears: Your ear drum is less than 17.5 mm in diameter Your ear never stops working, even when you're asleep. The ear continues to hear sounds, but your brain just ignores incoming sounds. Your ear does more than just let you hear—it also gives you a sense of balance. Maybe you've noticed feeling dizzy if you've had an ear infection. The three bones in your ear are the smallest bones in your body, and all three could fit together on a penny. The inner ear is about the size of a pencil eraser, but it contains more than 20,000 hairs. Your sense of hearing is dependent upon tiny hairs deep inside your ear. If you lose these hairs, you lose your hearing. Not all living creatures hear with ears. Snakes use jawbones, fish respond to pressure changes, and male mosquitoes use antennae. Your hearing can be damaged permanently even after a single incident of exposure to extremely loud noise (shotgun blast, explosion, etc.). You do not need to clean wax out of your ears unless you have an abnormal condition. Ears push excess wax out as needed. Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations: Hearing loss, the semicircular canals and the cochlea, inflammation of the ear, to drains fluid, hearing and equilibrium, the tympanic membrane, to be made of cartilage, Meniere disease, nervous pathways, medium and loud sounds, otitis media, motion sickness, a fungus or bacterium, perforation of the eardrum, otitis externa, pronounced tinnitus, "swimmer's ear", accumulation of pus, to ventilate the middle ear cavity, malfunction or obstruction of the eustachian tube, nausea and vertigo. Exercise 4. Read and translate the text: EAR DISEASES Structure of the Ear The human ear is one of the most remarkable parts of the human body, not only because of the beauty and unlikelihood of its structure, but also because of its remarkable sensitivity to sounds. The ear has the receptors for both hearing and equilibrium. From an anatomical point of view, the ear is conventionally and conveniently divided into three parts: the outer, the middle and the inner ears. The outer ear is called the auricle (or pinna) and is made of cartilage covered by skin. Sound moves through the pinna into the external auditory canal, a short tube that ends at the eardrum (tympanic membrane). Sound causes the eardrum and its tiny attached bones (ossicles) in the middle portion of the ear to vibrate, and the vibrations are conducted to the nearby cochlea. The spiral-shaped cochlea is part of the inner ear; it transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain. The fluid-filled semicircular canals (labyrinth) attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send information on balance and head position to the brain. The eustachian (auditory) tube drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat (pharynx) behind the nose. Ear Conditions Pain in the ear (earache) can have many causes. Some of these are serious, some are not serious. Hearing Loss Hearing impairment may result from disease, injury, or developmental problems that affect the ear itself or any nervous pathways concerned with the sense of hearing. Heredity, toxins, exposure to loud noises, and the aging process are possible causes for hearing loss. It may range from inability to hear certain frequencies of sound to a complete loss of hearing (deafness). People with extreme hearing loss that originates in the inner ear may benefit from a cochlear implant. This prosthesis stimulates the cochlear nerve and may allow the recipient to hear medium to loud sounds. Otitis is any inflammation of the ear. Otitis media refers to an infection that leads to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity. One cause is malfunction or obstruction of the eustachian tube, such as by allergy, enlarged adenoids, injury, or congenital abnormalities. Another cause is infection that spreads to the middle ear, most commonly from the upper respiratory tract. Continued infection may lead to accumulation of pus and perforation of the eardrum. Otitis media usually affects children under 5 years of age and may result in hearing loss. If untreated, the infection may spread to other regions of the ear and head. Treatment is with antibiotics. A tube also may be placed in the tympanic membrane to ventilate the middle ear cavity, a procedure called a myringotomy. Otitis externa is inflammation of the external auditory canal. Infections in this region may be caused by a fungus or bacterium and are most common among those living in hot climates and among swimmers, so it is called "swimmer's ear." Meniere Disease is a disorder that affects the inner ear. It seems to involve the production and circulation of the fluid that fills the inner ear, but the cause is unknown. The symptoms are vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, pronounced tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and feeling of pressure in the ear. The course of the disease is uneven, and symptoms may become less severe with time. Meniere disease is treated with drugs to control nausea and dizziness, such as those used to treat motion sickness. In severe cases, the inner ear or part of the eighth cranial nerve may be destroyed surgically. жүктеу/скачать 0,8 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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