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Errors in translation of major works:Find out how they happen and Fix the issue
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| Errors in translation of major works:Find out how they happen and Fix the issue
TRANSLATION METHODS VS TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES What is the difference between a translation method and a technique? It’s very simple: a translation method is applied to the entire text to be translated, while a translation technique may vary within the same text according to each case and depending on the specific verbal elements to be translated. The classical taxonomy of translation procedures dates back to 1958 and is the work of J. P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet. It consists of seven categories: 1.BORROWING 2.CALQUE 3.LITERAL TRANSLATION 4.TRANSPOSITION 5.MODULATION 6.EQUIVALENCE OR REFORMULATION 7.ADAPTATION. 1. Borrowing is a common translation technique. It basically means that the translator makes a conscious choice to use the same word in the target text as it is found in the source text. This is usually the case when there is no equivalent term in the target language. This technique also allows the translator to put a text clearly within a particular cultural context through the register of the vocabulary it uses. Certain terms allow people belonging to communities of similar interests to transcend linguistic boundaries. Despite using different linguistic systems, they share the same reality and the same code to decipher it. Depending on where this code was created, some words will have a lot more prestige than others in a certain context. Numerous English words are “borrowed” into other languages; for instance software in the field of technology and funk in culture. English also borrows a lot of words from other languages. For example: abbatoire, café, passé and résumé from French; hamburger and kindergarten from German; bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit. Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered to be “foreign”, especially in academic work. Borrowed words can sometimes have different semantic significations from those of the original language. A good example is the Moroccan word ‘tammara’, which is borrowed from Spanish, means in Moroccan Arabic ‘a difficult situation’, whereas in Spanish it conveys the meaning of a ‘type of a palm tree’. Borrowing in translation is not always justified by lexical gap in the target language, but it can mainly be used as a way to preserve the local colour of the word, or be used out of fear from losing some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is translated. Regarding borrowing, we should also add that a certain term is taken from a language, but in a natural way, which means that it will respect the rules of grammar and pronunciation of the target language. An example of Borrowing is the verb ‘mailer’, which is used in Canadian-French spoken language; here, the French suffix-er is added to the English verb ‘mail’ to conform to the French rules of verb-formation. In conclusion, borrowing is one of the most used translation techniques. It is used mainly out of necessity, due to the fact that a certain word does not exist in the target language. We use a lot of borrowed words in the spoken language every day, without even knowing they come from another language. Most of the borrowed words come from English and they are usually technical terms. 2. One way in which the English language is enriched is the acquisition of calques, or literal translations of foreign words and phrases. This post lists and defines calques from various languages. From Chinese comes brainwash, meaning “manipulate someone to change their beliefs,” from the notion of one’s brain being cleaned out and the information stored within replaced with other data, as well as “lose face,” meaning “suffer from a loss of dignity or prestige” and related to “save face,” which means “preserve one’s dignity or prestige.” (The Chinese and Japanese languages each have nearly one hundred phrases alluding to face in this sense.) Another calque from Chinese is “paper tiger,” which, in reference to a depiction of a fierce animal that is itself harmless, metaphorically refers to an empty threat. Calques based on French terms include “flea market,” from the notion that items bought used at open-air sales are flea ridden, and rhinestone, from a French term meaning “Rhine pebble,” so called because the imitation gems were invented near the Rhine River. Meanwhile, the expression “That goes without saying,” meaning “That’s obvious,” is from a French expression. Worldview, which literally refers to one’s perspective about the world, is a calque of the German term weltanschauung, which is itself sometimes employed in English. Because of the influence of Germany on science and philosophy as well as politics, English has also borrowed such translations of German terms as antibody (“a substance produced in cells that protects the body from disease”) and “thought experiment” (“an experiment conducted in one’s mind”). From Latin, English acquired the calques commonplace, meaning “obvious or commonly found,” the phrase “in a nutshell,” meaning “in brief” (from the notion that what is said will “fit” in a small space), and “wisdom tooth,” which refers to the hindmost teeth, so called because they do not appear until one is at or near adulthood. 3. Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. In translation theory, another term for "literal translation" is "metaphrase"; and for phrasal ("sense") translation — "paraphrase." Literal translation leads to mistranslating of idioms, which is a serious problem for machine translation. A literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "children garden," but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. Literal translation of the Italian sentence, "So che questo non va bene" ("I know that this is not good"), produces "Know(I) that this not goes(it) well," which has English words and Italian grammar. 4. Transposition is the first technique or step towards oblique translation. Oblique translation is another term for free translation where the translator exercises his/her freedom to attain equivalence. It operates at the grammatical level and it consists of the replacement of a word class by another word class without changing the meaning. From a stylistic view point, the transposed expression does not have the same value, but the meaning is the same. Transposed expressions are usually more literary in character. What is the most important is to choose the form that best fits the context. Transposition can be: – Free: when the transposition that we use is mainly dependent on the context and particularly on the desired effect. For example: жүктеу/скачать 75,79 Kb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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