Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов

 
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English is extremely small: it is found in the pronouns 
this 
and 
that, 
which 
agree in number with their head word
 (that chair – those chairs)
.  
As to the problem of agreement of the verb with the noun or pronoun 
denoting the subject of the action 
(Jack is eating; Jack and Jenny are eating), 
this 
is a controversial problem. The questions is whether the verb stands, say, in the 
plural number because the noun denoting the subject of the action is plural, so 
that the verb is in the full sense of the word subordinate to the noun, or 
whether the verb expresses by its category of number the singularity or 
plurality of the doer (or doers). There are some phenomena in Modern English 
which would seem to show that the verb does not always follow the noun in the 
category of number. Such examples as, 
The police have arrived too late, 
on
 
the 
one hand, and 
The United States is a democracy. 
 
Government takes place when the subordinate word is used in a certain form 
required by its head word, the form of the subordinate word not coinciding with 
the form of the head word. The role of government in Modern English is almost 
as insignificant as that of agreement. Government can be observed between the 
verb and its object expressed either by a personal pronoun or by the pronoun 
who
, 
the verb being the governing element (
to rely on him, to be proud of her
).  
Agreement and government are considered to be the main types of 
expressing syntactic relations, however, there exist some special means of 
expressing syntactic relations within a phrase. They are adjoinment and enclosure.  
Adjoinment is described as absence both of agreement and of government. 
Combined elements build syntactic groups without changing their forms. A typical 
example of adjoinment is a combination of an adverb with a head word (
to nod 
silently, to act cautiously
).  
An adverb can only be connected with its head word in this manner, 
since it has no grammatical categories which would allow it to agree with 
another word or to be governed by it. 
While adjoinment is typical of Russian, enclosure is peculiar to Modern 
English. By enclosure (
замыкание
) some element is put between the two parts of 

 
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another constituent of a phrase. It is, as it were, enclosed between two parts of 
another element.  
The most widely used type of enclosure is use of an attribute between the 
article (determiner) and the head-noun (
a pretty face, your perfect man, one good 
essay
). Many words other than adjectives and nouns can be found in that 
position.
 The then president 
— here the adverb 
then, 
being enclosed between 
the article and the noun it belongs to, is in this way shown to be an 
attribute to the noun. In the phrase 
a go-to-devil expression 
the phrase 
go-
to-devil 
is enclosed between the article and the noun to which the article 
belongs, and this characterises the syntactic connections of the phrase. 

 
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