Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов
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лекция по грамматиае
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and relative politeness; in the absolute sense, Lend me your car is less polite than I hope you don´t mind my asking, but I wonder if it might be at all possible for you to lend me your car. However, in some situations, the former request could be overpolite (among family members) and the latter one impolite (as an ironic remark). In all societies, maxims of politeness govern linguistic and non-linguistic behavior. The details of these maxims vary [sometimes greatly] from culture to culture [and subculture to subculture], leading to situations where misunderstandings may occur. In middle-class American society, M. Noonan identifies the following five maxims: tact: Minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other. modesty: Minimize praise of self; maximize dispraise of self. phatic: Keep talking; avoid silence. irony: If you must cause offence, at least do so in a way which doesn’t overtly conflict with maxims of politeness, but allows the hearer to arrive at the offensive point of your remark indirectly, by way of implicature [inference]. 130 banter: In order to show solidarity with the hearer, say something that is (1) obviously untrue and (2) obviously impolite to the hearer. Many cultures lack an equivalent of the Phatic Maxim. The Banter Maxim is much more closely associated with males than with females in middle-class American society. Violations of the politeness maxims may invite inferences too, ones which are also context sensitive. For example, a violation of the Phatic Maxim may be interpreted as evidence of anger, sadness, etc. depending on contextual clues. The Politeness Principle was not the only one singled out by G. Leech. In his book entitled жүктеу/скачать 0,5 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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