Ex.4 Complete the sentences. Use the prepositions: from, by, through, between
1. These bonds are formed … these molecules.
2. I was doing this experiment … 2 p.m. to 3 p.m.
3. I will try to pass this solute … acidic medium.
4. We have obtained this substance … dissociation.
5. This experiment was done… me.
6. …..this theory we should obtain the high concentration of this substance.
7. What is the difference … a positive charge and a negative charge?
Ex. 5 Put the questions to the bold-typed words.
1. The strength of an electrolyte is defined as the percentage of solute.
2. A negative sign indicates the reactant concentration.
3. Salts don’t dissociate in water.
4. Acetic acid doesn’t react with alkali.
5. The salt can be recovered by evaporation.
6. This solution contains dissolved salts.
7. We have used methane in this process.
Ex. 6 Translate the following sentences into Russian or Kazakh.
1. Most of the solute does not dissociate in a weak electrolyte.
2. Less powerful acids and bases will have lesser degree of dissociation.
3. Acetic acid is very soluble in water.
4. A strong electrolyte is a solute that exists in solution completely or nearly completely as ions.
5. The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules.
6. Chemical kinetics is the part of physical chemistry that studies reaction rates.
7. We could obtain this compound with the help of neutralization reaction.
8. An electrolyte is a substance that contains free ions.
Ex. 7 Read and translate the text.
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the Periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. Oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. Oxygen is colorless, odorless, and tasteless; with the formula O2.
Many classes of organic molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats contain oxygen. Oxygen is toxic to anaerobic organisms. Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.
Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when O2 combines with atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen is made when ultraviolet (UV) radiation splits O2. Oxygen is produced industrially by the fractional distillation of liquefied air, the electrolysis of water. Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O2 for every 2 molecules of N2, compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water depends on temperature. Oxygen condenses at 90.20 K (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F), and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F).
Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier.
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