Навчальний посібник для студентів ос «Бакалавр» галузі знань 03 «Гуманітарні науки»

Some of Scotland's most famous medieval fortifications include Castle 
Stalker and Stirling 
Castle. 
More 
recent, Jacobean 
era castles 
includeEdinburgh Castle and Craigievar Castle. The arrival of the cannon 
made high-walled castles defensively impractical and obsolete,
but the 
fortification genre evolved into a style in its own right; Scots Baronial Style 
architecture has an emphasis on turrets and strong vertical lines drawn from 
tower houses, and constitutes one of Scotland's "most distinctive contributions 
to British architecture".
The new political stability, made possible by the Act of Union,
allowed 
for renewed prosperity in Scotland, which led to a spate of new building, both 
public and private, during the 18th century. Scotland produced "the most 
important 
British 
architects 
of 
this 
age": Colen 
Campbell, James 
Gibbs and Robert Adam were Scots interpreting the first phase of Classical 
forms of ancient Greece and Rome inPalladian architecture.
 Edinburgh's New 
Town was the focus of this classical building boom, resulting in the city being 
nicknamed "The Athens of the North" on account both of its intellectual 
output from the Scottish Enlightenment and the city's neo-classical 
architecture.
Together with Edinburgh's Old Town, it constitutes one of the 
United Kingdom'sWorld Heritage Sites.
Christian architecture in Scotland has a distinct style; The Royal 
Institute of British Architects have stated that "Scottish churches are 
peculiarly plain, low and often quite humble buildings".
The Scottish 
Reformation revolutionised church architecture in Scotland, because the 
Scottish Calvinists rejected ornamental places of worship and few churches 
escaped their attention.
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 This tradition of geometric purity became 
prominent in Scottish architecture thereafter, but never became popular in 
England.
Similarly, Scotland has produced some of the most idiosyncratic of 
architects 
such 
as James, John and Robert 
Adam, Alexander 
Thomson and Charles Rennie Mackintosh, which all relate to popular trends 

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in Scottish architecture; all however created Scottish stylistic interpretations 
and often deliberately injecting traditional Scottish forms into their work.
The 
Adam brothers were leaders of the first phase of the classical revival in 
the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Wales 
Cromlechs and other prehistoric architecture exits in Wales. Examples 
include Bryn Celli Ddu a neolithic site on the Isle of Anglesey, and Parc Cwm 
long cairn on the Gower Peninsula. 
As stated by Sir Simon Jenkins, "Wales has a very long and porous 
border with England", which had a major influence upon the architecture of 
Wales.
Many Welsh landmark buildings were designed and built by 
Englishmen, such as the Romanesque-revival Penrhyn Castle near Bangor, a 
design by Thomas Hopper that blended Norman, Regency and early-Victorian 
architecture for an English MP who had inherited a vast Welsh estate.
However... 
Contemporary architecture has appeared in Wales from Cardiff 
Bay to Caernarfon, and has a tradition of mixing traditional Welsh materials 
in to modern construction techniques.
The first known dwelling in Northern Ireland are found at the Mount 
Sandel Mesolithic site in County Londonderry and date to 7000 BC.
Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone are 
especially 
rich 
in Stone 
Age archaeology. Early Christian art and architecture is found throughout 
Northern Ireland, as well as monastic sites, gravestones, abbeys, round towers 
and Celtic crosses.
Northern Ireland has some of the largest and finest castles in Ireland, 
the earliest of which date back to the Norman invasion of Ireland. Examples 
of Norman architecture in Northern Ireland include Carrickfergus Castle. 

Other 
medieval 
castles 
include Greencastle, Jordan's 
Castle, Dunluce 
Castle, Dundrum and Harry Avery's Castle. Enniskillen Castle dates back 
to early modern Ireland.
Fortified homes andbawns continued to be built well 
into the 17th century, a result of the Plantation of Ulster; examples 
include Benburb Castle, Castle Caulfield, Monea Castle, and Castle Balfour.
Much of the architecture of Derry dates from the Plantation of Ulster, 
including its defensive walls.
 St. Columb's Cathedral.... 
Northern Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries produced two varieties of 
architecture, constructed along the divide of societal privilege; "sumptuous" 
manor houses of the landed gentry include Castle Ward and Hillsborough 
Castle; for many however, domestic life was restricted to "humble cottages".
The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty and 
the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum maintain and conserve farm and 
village buildings of historical interest, including many of the ancestral homes 
of the 17-plusPresidents of the United States who have Ulster ancestry.
The 
city 
of Armagh has Georgian 
architecture by 
way 
of 
the Armagh 
Observatory and the city's Georgian quarter; the Catholic St Patrick's 
Cathedral and Anglican St Patrick's Cathedral are two landmarks in Armagh.
During the Victorian era, Belfast flaunted its economic prowess with 
"splendid" Victorian architecture, among them Belfast City Hall, Queen's 
University Belfast, Belfast Castle, the Belfast Botanic Gardens, Albert 
Memorial Clock, and the ornate Crown Liquor Saloon.
Early 20th century 
landmarks include a number of schools built for Belfast Corporation in the 
1930s by R S Wilshere.
Notables include the severe, sturdy, 1936 brick built 
Belfast School of Music on Donegall Pass and the Whitla Hall at Queen’s 
University Belfast, designed by John McGeagh.
Belfast has examples of art 
deco architecture such a such as the Bank of Ireland and Sinclair’s department 
store on Royal Avenue and the Floral Hall at Bellevue.
Many of Belfast's 
oldest buildings are found in the Cathedral Quarter. Prominent Northern Irish 

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architects include R S Wilshere and McGeogh, cinema architect James 
McBride Neil, and Dennis O’D Hanna, part of the "Ulster Unit" group of self-
consciously modern artists and craftspeople, promoted by poet and 
curator John Hewitt.

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