Навчальний посібник для студентів ос «Бакалавр» галузі знань 03 «Гуманітарні науки»

193 
Castle (longest-occupied castle in Europe),
 
Stirling Castle (one of the largest 
and most important in Scotland),
 Bodiam Castle (moated castle), 
and Warwick Castle. Over the two centuries following the Norman conquest 
of England of 1066, and the building of the Tower of London, castles such 
as Caernarfon Castle in Wales and Carrickfergus Castle in Ireland were built. 
English Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to the early 16th 
century, and famous examples include Westminster Abbey, the traditional 
place of coronation for the British monarch, which also has a long tradition as 
a venue for royal weddings;
 Canterbury Cathedral, one of the oldest and most 
famous Christian structures in England; Salisbury Cathedral, which has the 
tallest church spire in the UK;
and Winchester Cathedral, which contains the 
longest nave and overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe.
In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a building or other structure 
officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural 
significance. About half a million buildings in the UK have "listed" status. 
In the 1680s, Downing Street was built by Sir George Downing, and its most 
famous address 10 Downing Street, became the residence of the Prime 
Minister in 1730. One of the best known English architects working at the 
time of the foundation of the United Kingdom was Sir Christopher Wren. He 
was employed to design and rebuild many of the ruined ancient churches of 
London following the Great Fire of London. His masterpiece, St Paul's 
Cathedral, 
was 
completed 
in 
the 
early 
years 
of 
the 
United 
Kingdom. Buckingham Palace, the official London residence of the British 
monarch, was built in 1705.
In the early 18th century baroque architecture – popular in Europe – 
was introduced, and Blenheim Palace was built in this era. However, baroque 
was quickly replaced by a return of the Palladian form. The Georgian 

architecture of the 18th century was an evolved form of Palladianism. Many 
existing buildings such as Woburn Abbey and Kedleston Hall are in this style. 
Among the many architects of this form of architecture and its 
successors, neoclassical and romantic, 
were Robert 
Adam, 
Sir William 
Chambers, and James Wyatt. The aristocratic stately home continued the 
tradition of the first large gracious unfortified mansions such as 
the Elizabethan Montacute Houseand Hatfield House. During the 18th and 
19th centuries to the highest echelons of British society, the English country 
house served as a place for relaxing, hunting and running the countryside. 
Many stately homes have become open to the public; Knebworth House, now 
a major venue for open air rock and pop concerts  Alton Towers, theme park 
and the most popular in the UK,
and Longleat, the world's first safari 
park outside Africa.
In the early 19th century the romantic medieval gothic style appeared as a 
backlash to the symmetry of Palladianism, and such buildings as Fonthill 
Abbey were built. By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new 
technology, construction was able to develop incorporating steel as a building 
component; one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect 
of the Crystal Palace. Paxton also continued to build such houses 
as Mentmore Towers, in the still popular retrospective Renaissance styles. In 
this era of prosperity and development British architecture embraced many 
new methods of construction, but ironically in style, such architects as August 
Puginensured it remained firmly in the past. 
At the beginning of the 20th century a new form of design arts and 
crafts became popular, the architectural form of this style, which had evolved 
from the 19th century designs of such architects as George Devey, was 
championed by Edwin Lutyens. Arts and crafts in architecture is symbolised 
by 
an 
informal, 
non-symmetrical 
form, 
often 
with mullioned or lattice windows, multiple gables and tall chimneys. This 

195 
style continued to evolve until World War II. Following the Second World 
War, reconstruction went through a variety of phases, but was heavily 
influenced by Modernism, especially from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. 
Many bleak town centre redevelopments—criticised for featuring hostile, 
concrete-lined "windswept plazas"—were the fruit of this interest, as were 
many equally bleak public buildings, such as the Hayward Gallery. Many 
Modernist inspired town centres are today in the process of being 
redeveloped, Bracknelltown centre being a case in point. However, in the 
immediate post-War years many thousands (perhaps hundreds of thousands) 
of council houses in vernacular style were built, giving working-class people 
their first experience of private gardens and indoor sanitation. 
Modernism remains a significant force in UK architecture, although its 
influence is felt predominantly in commercial buildings. The two most 
prominent proponents are Lord Rogers of Riverside and Norman Foster. 
Rogers' iconic London buildings are probably Lloyd's Building and 
the Millennium Dome, while Foster created the 'Gherkin' and the City Hall. 
Completed in 2012, the Shard London Bridge is the tallest building in the 
European Union.
Other major skyscrapers under construction in London 
include The Pinnacle, and Heron Tower.
Modernist architect Nicholas 
Grimshaw designed the Eden Project in Cornwall, which is the world's largest 
greenhouse.
Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric 
period, amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston 
Monolith and 
Castlerigg. With 
the 
introduction 
of Ancient 
Roman 
architecture there 
was 
a 
development 
of basilicas, baths, amphitheatres, triumphal 
arches, villas, Roman 
temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts.
It was the 
Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, 

Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's 
Wall stretching right across northern England.
Another well preserved 
example 
is 
the Roman 
Baths at Bath, 
Somerset.
 Early 
Medieval 
architecture's secular 
buildings 
were 
simple 
constructions 
mainly 
using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a 
synthesis of Hiberno—Saxonmonasticism,
to Early Christian basilica and 
architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts 
and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 
various Castles in England were created so law lords could uphold their 
authority and in the north to protect from invasion. Some of the best known 
medieval castles include the Tower of London, Warwick Castle, Durham 
Castle and Windsor Castle amongst others.
Throughout 
the 
Plantagenet 
era 
an English 
Gothic 
architecture flourished—the medieval 
cathedrals such 
as Canterbury 
Cathedral, Westminster 
Abbey and York 
Minster are 
prime 
examples.
[17]
 Expanding 
on 
the Norman 
base there 
was 
also castles, palaces, great houses, universities andparish churches. Medieval 
architecture was completed with the 16th century Tudor style; the four-
centred arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as 
were wattle 
and 
daub houses 
domestically. 
In 
the 
aftermath 
of 
the Renaissance, 
the English 
Baroque style 
appeared, 
which 
architect Christopher Wren particularly championed.
[18]
 English Baroque is a 
casual term, sometimes used to refer to the developments in English 
architecture that were parallel to the evolution of Baroque architecture in 
continental Europe between the Great Fire of London (1666) and the Treaty 
of Utrecht (1713). Queen Anne Style architecture flourished in England from 
about 1660 to about 1720, even though the Queen's reign covered only the 
period 1702-1714. Buildings in the Queen Anne style are strongly influenced 
by Dutch domestic architecture: typically, they are simple rectilinear designs 

197 
in red brick, with an undemonstrative charm. Georgian architecture followed 
in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal 
Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence 
of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched—in 
addition to this around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way 
for 
buildings 
such 
as The 
Crystal 
Palace. 
Since 
the 
1930s 
various modernist forms 
have 
appeared 
whose 
reception 
is 
often 
controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with 
support in influential places.
Prehistoric architecture is found throughout Scotland. Skara Brae is a 
large stone-built neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of Skaill on the west 
coast of Mainland, Orkney. Nicknamed the "British Pompeii",
Skara Brae 
is Europe's most complete neolithic village and the level of preservation is 
such that it has gained UNESCO World Heritage Sitestatus in 1999. Celtic 
tribes during the Bronze Age left few physical remnants of their dwellings, 
but 
stone 
Christian 
monuments 
and Celtic 
crosses have 
endured 
erosion.Protohistorical Scotland during the Roman Empire was, unlike the 
rest of Great Britain, broadly untouched by the Romans, but there are the 
remains of Roman forts at 

жүктеу/скачать 4,66 Mb.

Достарыңызбен бөлісу: