Working bibliography
Бархударов Л. С.
очерки по морфологии современного английского
языка / л. с. бархударов. М., 1975. с. 49–57.
Иванова И. П.
теоретическая грамматика современного английского
языка / и. п. иванова, в. в. бурлакова, г. г. почепцов. М., 1981.
с. 39–45.
Прибыток И. И.
теоретическая грамматика английского языка /
и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 66 67.
Ilyish B. A.
The Structure of Modern English / B. A. Ilyish. Leningrad, 1971.
P. 66–75.
39
11. Verb: general characteristics
The verb is the most complex grammatical class of words. It is
the only part of speech in English that has a morphological system
based on the six categories: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and
mood. Besides, there are two sets of verb-forms, essentially different
from each other: the finite forms and the non-finite forms (infinitive,
gerund, participle I, participle II). The verb performs the central role in
the expression of predication, i. e. the connection between the situation
described in the sentence and reality. The categorical meaning of the
verb is a process presented dynamically, that is, developing in time. It
is the semantic characteristic of all verbs both in finite and non-finite
forms. The difference in the functional aspect is that the finite verb with
its categories of tense, aspect, voice, and mood always performs the
function of the verb-predicate in the sentence while the non-finite forms
are used in the functions of the syntactic subject, object, adverbial
modifier, attribute.
Concerning their structure, verbs are characterized by specific
word-building patterns. The verb-stems may be simple, sound-
replacive, stress-replacive, expanded, compound
,
and phrasal. The
group of simple verb-stems (e. g.
come
,
take
,
give
, etc) has been greatly
enlarged by conversion as one of the most productive ways of forming
verb lexemes in Modern English (cf.
a park — to park
).
The sound-replacive type and the stress-replacive type are non-
productive (e. g.
food — to feed
,
blood — to bleed
,
import — to import
,
export — to export
,
transport — to transport
)
.
The suffixes of expanded
verb-stems are: -
ate
(
cultivate
), -
en
(
broaden
), -
ify
(
clarify
), -
ise
/
ize
(
normalize
). The verb-deriving prefixes are:
be
- (
belittle
),
en
-/
em
-
(
embed
),
re
- (
remake
),
under
- (
undergo
),
over
- (
overestimate
),
sub
-
(
submerge
),
mis
- (
misunderstand
),
un
- (
undo
).
The compound verb-stems in English are rare enough;
they usually result from conversion (
blackmail — to blackmail
,
a benchmark — to benchmark
).
Phrasal verbs can be of two different types. The first is a combination
of a head-verb (
have
,
give
,
take
) with a noun; this combination has
an ordinary verb as its equivalent (e.
g. to have a smoke — to smoke
;
40
to give a smile — to smile
). The second type is a combination of a head-
verb with a postposition (
go on
,
give up
,
get out
,
sit down
,
etc).
When taking the formal aspect of the English verbs, we are also
to consider two different morphological groups: the regular verbs and
the irregular verbs. With the regular verbs, making the bulk of the verb
lexicon, the Past Indefinite and the Past Participle are formed by adding
the suffix -
ed
. The other verbs referred to as irregular comprise various
paradigmatic patterns (
put — put — put
;
send — sent — sent
;
come —
came — come
;
begin — began — begun
;
go — went — gone
;
be —
was/ were — been
; etc).
The verb in English is unique for its grammatical categories. They
are six: person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. Each of them
has a specific outer expression through a corresponding morphological
form.
Person and number are specific substance-relational verbal
categories reflected in the verb due to the agreement of the subject with
the verb-predicate. The categories of person and number are closely
connected with each other, they are jointly expressed. In the system of
the present tense the inflection -(
e
)
s
is used for the third person singular,
with the other persons remaining unmarked. The modal verbs have no
personal inflections. The unique verb
to be
has three suppletive personal
forms for the present tense (
am
,
are
,
is
) and two forms for the past
tense (
was
,
were
). As to the future tense, the differentiation between
the analytical forms “
shall
+ infinitive” for the first person singular or
plural and “
will
+ infinitive” for the other persons is considered to be
classical British, not observed in the present-day grammatical system
of English.
The category of tense has both synthetic (the inflection -(
e
)
s
for the Present, the inflection -
ed
for the Past) and analytical forms
“
will/ shall +
infinitive” for the Future). With the irregular verbs one
can also find various patterns of sound alternation (e. g.
write —
wrote — written
) and two suppletive formations (
be — was/were —
been
;
go — went — gone
).
The category of aspect is expressed by the analytical forms:
“
be +
Present Participle” for the Continuous; “
have +
Past Participle”
41
for the Perfect. The oppositional differentiation within the category of
voice is based on the marking of the Passive with the analytical form
“
be +
Past Participle”. The morphological category of mood has both
synthetic (the bare infinitive, the specific form
were
) and analytical
(
should/would +
infinitive) forms of expressions.
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