Working bibliography
Иванова И. П.
теоретическая грамматика современного английского
языка / и. п. иванова, в. в. бурлакова, г. г. почепцов. М., 1981.
с. 47–48.
Прибыток И. И.
теоретическая грамматика английского языка /
и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 75–78.
Blokh M. Y.
A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow,
2004. P. 86–90.
Quirk R.
A University Grammar of English / R. Quirk [et al.]. Moscow, 1982.
P. 32.
44
13. non-finite forms of the Verb
The English verbals include four forms: the infinitive, the
gerund, the present participle (Participle I), and the past participle
(Participle II). Verbals or the non-finite forms of the verb are the forms
of the verb intermediary in many of their lexico-grammatical features
between the verb and the non-processual parts of speech. They render
processes as peculiar kinds of substances and properties. They are
also different from finite verb-forms in their syntactic functions.
While the finite forms perform in the sentence only one syntactic
function, namely, that of predicate, the non-finite forms have various
syntactic functions except that of the finite predicate. But the verbals,
unable to express the predicative meanings of time and mood, still
do express the secondary predication (potential predication, semi-
predication) forming syntactic complexes directly related to certain
types of subordinate clauses, e. g.:
We expect him to take this offer —
We expect that he will take this offer
.
The infinitive (Base) is the non-finite form of the verb, which
combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun, serving
as the verbal name of the process. The English infinitive exists in
two presentation forms: with the particle
to
(this form is called “the
to-infinitive”) or without the particle
to
(“the bare infinitive”). The
latter is found, for example, in the combinations of modal verbs with
the infinitive. The particle
to
can be separated from the infinitive,
forming the so-called “split infinitive”, e. g.:
Our problem is to quickly
reproduce the experiment results.
The infinitive is capable of expressing
the categorical meanings of aspect and voice. Thus, the categorical
paradigm of the objective verb infinitive includes eight forms: the
simple active, the continuous active, the perfect active, the perfect
continuous active, the simple passive, the continuous passive (a rare
form), the perfect passive, the perfect continuous passive (a rare form);
e. g.
to ask
,
to be asking
,
to have asked
,
to have been asking
,
to be
asked
,
to be being asked
,
to have been asked
,
to have been being asked.
The infinitive paradigm of the non-objective verb includes four forms,
e. g.:
to come
,
to be coming
,
to have come
,
to have been coming.
45
The infinitive is used in three different types of functions:
1) as a notional, self-dependent part of the sentence (subject, object,
adverbial modifier, attribute); 2) as the notional constituent of
a compound predicate; 3) as the notional constituent of an analytical
form. Cf.:
1)
To find the solution is of prime importance.
2)
I asked him to write about his progress.
3)
To show the difference, we have compared the diagrams.
4)
The problem to discuss next is our participation in the joint
project.
5)
Our task is to observe and analyze.
6)
Your results can find various applications.
7)
The experiment is to show the anticipated effect.
8)
They continue to work with this material.
9)
She does not speak French.
If the infinitive in free use has its own subject introduced by the
preposition
for
, we have the so-called “for-to-infinitive phrase”, e. g.:
It is not easy for him to show up in such a society.
With some transitive
verbs (of perception, mental activity, desire, etc) the infinitive is used
in the semi-predicative constructions of the Complex Object and the
Complex Subject. Cf.:
We have never heard Charlie play his violin —
Charlie has never been heard to play his violin.
The Problem of the ING-FORMS. As there is no formal difference
between the gerund and the present participle (they are formed by
one and the same suffix
-ing
) some scholars (Kruisinga, Murphy,
Gordon, Krylova) find no reason to treat them as two different sets of
forms. However, the classical approach is to admit of the grammatical
homonymy and to distinguish between the gerund and the present
participle as two different sets of grammatical forms.
The gerund is the non-finite form of the verb, which like the
infinitive combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun.
Gerund is the verbal name of the process and it is referred to as the
verbal noun. Half-gerund, or the participial gerund, is a form having
mixed features, both participial and gerundial. Like the infinitive,
the gerund is changeable. The paradigm of an objective verb gerund
46
includes four forms: the simple active, the perfect active, the simple
passive, the perfect passive; e. g.:
asking
,
having asked
,
being asked
,
having been asked.
With the non-objective verb gerund there are only
two forms: the simple active, the perfect active; e. g.:
coming
,
having
come
. The gerund performs the functions of all the notional sentence
parts (subject, object, attribute, adverbial modifier). It can also make
a notional part of a compound predicate. Cf.:
1)
My coming was a surprise to her.
2)
She was surprised at my coming.
3)
I like to work in the reading room.
4)
One can learn a lot by reading.
5)
I began working at this office last week.
6)
My hobby is jogging.
Similar to the noun, the gerund can be used with prepositions (e. g.
on coming home
) and also modified by a noun in the possessive case
or by its pronominal equivalents; e. g.
Jack’s coming home
,
his coming
home
. Such combinability allows the formation of semi-predicative
gerundial complexes. Cf.:
She was surprised at my coming home so
early — She was surprised that I came home so early.
The present participle (Participle I) combines the properties of
the verb with those of adjective and adverb. In its form the present
participle is homonymous with the gerund, ending in the suffix -
ing
.
The categorical paradigm of the present participle is the same with the
gerund (e. g.
asking
,
having asked
,
being asked
,
having been asked
;
or
coming
,
having come
)
.
Like all the English verbals, the participles
have no tense distinctions and the adjectives
present
and
past
in their
names are conventional and traditional. In the sentence, the present
participle performs the functions of the attribute, the adverbial modifier,
the predicative of a compound predicate (with the link-verbs other than
be
), and also of the notional part in the analytical form of the simple
verbal predicate. Cf.:
1)
The article deals with the events accompanying solar flares.
2)
Rearranging the lenses of his telescope, Galileo found that he
could magnify close objects.
47
3)
The questions became more irritating.
4)
They are going to the South.
Participle I, similar to the infinitive, can be used in the semi-
predicative constructions of Complex Object and Complex Subject,
e. g.:
We’ve never heard him singing before — He’s never been heard
singing before.
The absolute participial construction is the other type
of secondary predication; e. g.:
My chief being on a sick leave, I had to
make a decision myself.
The past participle (Participle II) is the non-finite form of the verb
which combines the properties of the verb with those of the adjective,
serving as the qualifying-processual name. The past participle is a single
form, specific for each of the irregular verbs and ending in the suffix -
ed
with the regular verbs. It has no paradigm of its own. The past participle
performs the functions of the attribute, the predicative of a compound
predicate, and also of the notional part in the analytical form of the
simple verbal predicate. Cf.:
1)
We passed through several deserted villages.
2)
You are mistaken in this case.
3)
The house has recently been rebuilt.
Like the present participle, the past participle is used in the semi-
predicative constructions of Complex Object, Complex Subject, and
Absolute Participial Construction; e. g.
I must have my car repaired.
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