Working bibliography
Иванова И. П.
теоретическая грамматика современного английского
языка / и. п. иванова, в. в. бурлакова, г. г. почепцов. М., 1981.
с. 52–60.
Прибыток И. И.
теоретическая грамматика английского языка /
и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 82–86.
Blokh M. Y.
A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow,
2004. P. 132–150.
Ilyish B. A.
The Structure of Modern English / B. A. Ilyish. Leningrad, 1971.
P. 86–89.
15. Verb: category of aspect
The category of aspect reflects the inherent mode of the realization
of the process. The aspective meaning can be in-built in the semantic
structure of the verb. In the English verb system lexical aspective
meanings are expressed in the subclasses of terminative verbs (e. g.
start
,
come
) and durative or non-terminative verbs (e. g.
go
,
move
).
These aspective verbal subclasses are grammatically relevant in so far
as they are not indifferent to the choice of the aspective grammatical
forms of the verb. On the other hand, the aspective meaning can be
50
represented by various grammatical categories with their corresponding
forms (e. g. English continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms).
Aspective grammatical change is not typical of the Russian language.
In Russian one can find a system of lexico-grammatical forms actualizing
verbal aspective characteristics of the perfective and the imperfective.
When considering the English grammatical tradition, we are to
deal with two sets of forms: the continuous forms and the perfect forms.
There are different interpretations of these forms in linguistic literature.
The continuous verbal forms analyzed on the principles of
oppositional approach admit of one interpretation and that is aspective.
They reflect the inherent character of the process denoted by the verb.
The opposition of the corresponding category is between the continuous
and the non-continuous (indefinite/simple) verbal forms. It is based, in
general, on the use and non-use of the pattern “
be +
Participle I”:
works
—
is working
;
worked
—
was working
;
will work
—
will be working
;
has worked
—
has been working
, etc.
The categorical meaning of the continuous discloses the nature
of development of the verbal action. And the difference between the
two sets of forms is the following: an action going on continuously,
developing in time, and an action not thus limited. And again, it is a
difference in the way, or the mode of realization of the action or process.
However, there are various interpretations of the continuous
proposed by different scholars. Otto Jespersen treated the type
is working
as a means of expressing limited duration, that is, expressing an action
which serves as a frame to another action performed within that frame.
This temporal interpretation of the continuous was first developed in the
works of Henry Sweet. The basic meaning of the form like “
is working
”
is that of simultaneity of an action with another action. Such a situation
can be described in a complex sentence, e. g.
He was working when I
came in.
But in clauses such as “
What is he doing? — He is working
”
there is no other action for the continuous one to be simultaneous with
or to be “a time frame”.
51
There are also differences in terminology brought about by different
views on the category of aspect. B. A. Ilyish differentiates between the
forms
works
and
is working
by applying to them respectively the terms
“common aspect” and “continuous aspect”, the latter being the marked
member of the opposition. I. P. Ivanova finds no aspective meaning with
indefinite or simple forms, when treating them as purely tense forms
in
contrast to aspect-tense forms. The continuous form is interpreted by
I. P. Ivanova as rendering a blend of temporal and aspective meanings.
This interpretation is also typical of practical grammars of English.
The semantic difference between indefinite and continuous forms
can be reduced or neutralized, which is observed in the functioning of
durative and terminative verbs and also of statal and actional verbs. The
durative verbs are very easily neutralized in cases where the continuity
of the action is expressed by means other than grammatical, e. g.:
The
night is wonderfully silent. The stars shine with fierce brilliancy.
As to
the statal
verbs, their aspective neutralization is a grammatical rule.
Among them are the never-used-in-the-continuous
be
,
have
,
know
, some
other verbs of possession, verbs of relation, of physical perceptions, of
mental activity. When occasionally used in the continuous, these verbs
express some sort of intensity or emphasis e. g.:
1)
I had a feeling that
she was seeing right through me
;
2)
You are being damn fools, both of
you.
On the other hand
,
the continuous can be used transpositionally, to
denote habitual actions in emphatic collocations, e. g.
You are always
talking as if there is some funny business about me.
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