и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 168 174.
Blokh M. Y.
2004. р. 222–229.
Ilyish B. A.
The Philosophy of Grammar / O. Jespersen. N. Y., 1924. р. 95–97.
64
20. Ways of expressing syntactic relations
The major generally recognized syntactic relations between
components of a phrase are subordination and coordination.
Subordination is the syntactic relation of the constituents of a phrase
one of which is principal (a head-word) and the other is subordinate
(e. g.
a difficult
problem
). Coordination is the syntactic relation of the
constituents of a phrase characterized by their equality (e. g.
ladies
and gentlemen
). It is realized either with the help of conjunctions
(syndetically), or without it (asyndentically). The predicative syntactic
relation existing between the components of the phrase pattern
“noun + verb” is interpreted by M. Y. Blokh as bilateral (reciprocal)
domination expressed by agreement, or concord. V. V. Burlakova, in her
work of 1984, alongside with subordination and coordination identifies
the predicative syntactic relation as a major one under the title of
“interdependence” (e. g.
they talked
). Number four in her classification
is the relation of accumulation, which is found between the subordinate
elements of multi-component headed groups, e. g.
their own
(children),
(to write)
letters to a friend
. I. I. Pribytok has added to those discussed
the syntactic relation of apposition (приложение), e. g.
Uncle Andrew
was very tall
, the syntactic relation of isolation (обособление), e. g.
Last
night
,
everything was closed
, and the syntactic relation of parenthesis
(вводность), e. g.
This is
perhaps
his first chance
.
Our task is to consider formal ways of expressing syntactic
relations, namely, agreement (concord), government, and adjoinment.
Agreement, or concord, is a way of expressing a syntactic relation
which consists in forcing the subordinate word to take a form similar to
that of the head-word. Linguistic units agree in such matters as number,
person, and gender. The two related units should both be singular or
plural, feminine or masculine. In Modern English this can be found
between a noun and a verb in a predicative phrase and also between the
demonstrative pronouns
this/these/that/those
and their head-words in
attributive phrases, such as
this book
,
these books
,
etc.
Government is understood as the use of a certain form of the
subordinate word required by its head-word, but not coinciding with the
form of the head-word itself. In Modern English this way of expressing
65
subordination is limited to the use of the objective case forms of personal
pronouns when they are subordinate to a verb or follow a preposition,
e. g.
to invite me, to find them
,
etc.
The third way of expressing syntactic relations, which is termed
“примыкание” in Russian, has various designations in English:
the adjoinment or the word order. In fact, it is the absence of both
agreement and government. For example, in the sentence
He spoke of
his intentions very softly
the adverb
softly
is subordinate to its head-
word
spoke
without either agreeing with or being governed by it. The
connection between the adverb and the verb is preserved due to their
grammatical and semantic compatibility. As a matter of fact, this way
of connecting components of a phrase is a predominant one in Modern
English. Searching for an adequate designation of this phenomenon,
linguistic scholars applied to the theory of syntactic valency based on
semantic properties of words, i. e. their semantic compatibility.
Syntactic valency is the combining power of words in relations
to other words in syntactically subordinate positions. The obligatory
valency must necessarily be realized for the sake of the grammatical
completion of the syntactic construction; e. g. in the sentence
We saw a house in the distance
the subject and the direct object are
obligatory valency partners of the verb. The optional valency is not
necessarily realized in grammatically complete constructions; most of
the adverbial modifiers are optional parts of the sentence. According
to V. V. Burlakova, syntactic valency is the major factor of syntactic
relations in Modern English and within this type we should further
differentiate between the inflected forms of agreement or government
and non-inflected forms.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: