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Features of learning to the lexical component of speech at the initial stage



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1 ПЕДАГОГИКА, МЕТОДИКА, ПСИХОЛОГИЯ

Features of learning to the lexical component of speech at the initial stage
Galskova interprets that at the initial stage of learning a foreign language, the main 
attention is justifiably focused on phonetics and the basics of grammar. Intensive 
vocabulary training without a set phonetic base is ineffective, as it fixes incorrect 
pronunciation, which affects speaking, and for a long time blocks the development of 
another speech skill 
– 
listening [1]. Without grammar, active vocabulary replenishment is 
theoretically possible, but it does not provide access to speech, that is, practical language 


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proficiency, since a full
-
fledged unit of communication is an utterance, not a single word. 
On the other hand, both phonetic and grammatical educational material cannot but be based 
on lexical units. The introductory phonetic course involves the lexical level of the language 
(the rhythm of the word, intonation), and speaking of grammar, we mean the grammatical 
form of a word
that declines or conjugates. Lexical units are necessary as a material for the 
formation of the simplest phonetic and
grammatical skills, as well as for providing the 
simplest communicative needs. In accordance with these tasks, at the initial stage, the 
student's vocabulary is minimal and consists of the necessary words with a specific topic, 
obvious compatibility and high frequency.
Ways to memorize new vocabulary at the middle stage 
Lexical difficulties naturally appear at the middle stage of training. With intensive 
language training, as in a university, the learner's vocabulary soon begins to grow rapidly 
and share functional aspects 
– 
conversational, every day, socio
-
political, etc. The student 
has to master long lists of words, and first of all he faces the problem of memorizing lexical 
units.
Probably, every teacher has repeatedly heard complaints about poor memory
or a 
request to advise some other ways to memorize vocabulary. However, no matter what new 
technologies or alternative ways of memorizing
words (relaxation therapy, associative, 
structural
-
figurative method) we resort to, the patterns of our brain can not
change. We 
must proceed from the fact that according to statistics, in order to remember a word, it must 
be "encountered" from 7 to 12 times, as well as from the fact that in short
-
term memory 
words are kept from vivid impressions, and in long
-
term memory
they are preserved thanks 
to objective and mental actions carried out with lexical material. This means that the correct 
method of teaching vocabulary will be the introduction, constant repetition and 
consolidation of new words in different contexts and in different types of speech activity. 
Unsuccessful mastery of vocabulary, thus, is explained solely by insufficient, disinterested 
work with the material, low independent work of the student, ignoring one of the types of 
speech activity (reading, listening) in the language on the part of the teacher as the 
organizer of the educational process or on the part of the student.
Work on a word at the middle stage of learning begins with its introduction as a two
-
sided unit. First of all, attention is drawn to the
phonetic appearance of the word. It is 
desirable to introduce vocabulary in the classroom and, due to the difficulties of the 
phonetic system, pronounce it aloud together with the students, sometimes exaggerating the 
sounds. Memorizing the phonetic features of a word is mandatory, but not enough, since it 
does not give freedom of using the word in speech. Therefore, whenever possible, the 
introduction of vocabulary is accompanied by a word
-
formation analysis (employee
-
employee
-
employment
-
unemployed), a linguistic and cultural commentary (5 o'clock tea 

traditional tea drinking in the UK), explanations about the situation of using the word in 
speech (Bless you! 
– 
a wish for health when a person sneezes), a note on its compatibility 
(bad fish 
– 
spoiled fish). Naturally, vocabulary is easier to remember if it is given in 
thematic blocks, that is, words used in one area of life (school day, pharmacy, sports), as 
well as in phraseological turns (to burn bridges 

to burn bridges). Then the memory of one 
of the words of the chain will "pull" the following ones. This, as a rule, is methodically 
already laid down in the manuals by their creators. As we see it, resorting to the latest ways 
of memorizing vocabulary is justified only in difficult cases when the possibilities of 
traditional methods are exhausted. So, when introducing a new vocabulary, students can be 
advised to memorize a word in an associative way, that is, through memorizing the 
association that a foreign word causes (eagle 
– 
eagle (he has a beak like a needle)). This 


102
method can be effective for abstract nouns, which, as a rule, are more difficult to remember 
stated by British linguist Kuvshinov V. I [2]. It is worth mentioning that this method is 
purely individual, since each person has their own associations associated with a particular 
word, so it may be in vain to impose their associations. Naturally, it will be irrational to 
memorize all words only in this way, since instead of a direct connection "concept

word", 
an intermediate link "similar to the Russian word" is formed, which slows down mental and 
speech activity. In some cases, it is possible to recommend a structural
-
figurative way of 
memorizing lexical units based on involuntary memory. To do this, the word must have a 
bright distinctive set
of labels that make it possible to include it in the original figurative 
structure. It consists in the fact that when memorizing words, vivid plot pictures are created, 
but not frozen like photos, but including action, movement. In this way, memorizing a word 
is not an end in itself, but becomes the result of efforts to create a figurative picture in the 
mind, which includes both the meaning of the word and its sound. For example, it's not 
hard to imagine images in motion for words like clap your hands! 
– 
clap your hands! After 
presenting a lexical unit, the traditional way of memorizing vocabulary cannot be excluded 
from the student's independent (home) work on a word, the effectiveness of which is 
difficult to deny, since several types of memory are involved in it. This method consists in 
the fact that new units are written out, on the one hand 

in a foreign language, on the 
contrary 

their translation into their native language. Thus, the student mobilizes 
mechanical and visual memory, and if he also pronounces a word, then auditory memory. It 
is important that this work has a psychological aspect 
– 
by adhering to it, the student should 
give himself a clear instruction to remember all the words for a long time, forever. The 
success of memorization largely depends on concentration, diligence and strong
-
willed 
effort. Such a state does not occur immediately, but after some time of "working out". 
Concentration of consciousness, expressed in the activity of the student, contributes to 
easier imprinting of the
studied material in memory.As you know, memory processes are, 
in addition to memorization, reproduction (actualization, renewal) and natural forgetting. 
Therefore, vocabulary should continue to be fixed (updated) in other types of work, when 
the group is working on the use of a particular grammatical structure in speech (for 
example, in English it is a complex system of verb
-
time forms), on
reading the text and its 
translation, on listening, etc. in the classroom, as well as in the process of independent 
(
home) work.After getting acquainted with the new lexical block, fixing it in the classroom 
and working out independently, it is impossible
to exclude the traditional lexical survey as a 
control, after which, provided that students show results, you can proceed to conditional 
speech exercises, such as retelling, creative retelling, compilation of a topic on the 
topic.When repeating vocabulary
in the survey, it is more useful to reproduce words in any 
order, rather than in the order in which they were learned
or recorded in writing at home 
(for example, from the end of the list to the beginning). At the same time, it is considered 
that the first repetition of the learned list should be done after 7
-
10 hours, then every 24 
hours. In total, it is necessary to repeat the learned words 4 times, i.e. once a day for four 
days after memorization (here we refer to the classical memory research experiments of 
Marchan N. B.[3]. Conditional speech exercises are effective for the group of students who 
remember words better
when they "pass them through themselves", through speech (written 
or oral). According to studies of the memory of Soviet psychologists A.A. Smirnov and P.I. 
Zinchenko [4], memorizing words should not be a goal in learning a foreign language, but 
only an action leading to the achievement of a goal. Thus, in order to consolidate and repeat 
new words on a particular topic, it is appropriate to
offer students creative homework: they 
can write an essay, a story, a description, come up with a dialogue, etc. Such
tasks stimulate 


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the independent search for lexical units in dictionaries and reference books. And when the 
task is to find a really necessary word that you want to include in your story, this word is 
more firmly remembered, as the factor of necessity and emotional, rather than indifferent 
attitude affects, which allows the basic principles of modern linguodidactics to be 
implemented 

motivation, purposefulness, situational communication. [5]


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