Шет тілдері практикалық курсы кафедрасы АҒылшын тілі «География» мамандығы бойынша студенттердің практикалық сабағына арналған әдістемелік құрал Павлодар

2.4 нұсқа

The pollution of the environment, the destruction of ecosystems, the destruction of many species of plants and animals have now reached threatening proportions. An increasing influence on nature and the application of new technological processes (whose consequences are increasingly dangerous for the environment) may cause catastrophic results. Negative anthropogenic influences threaten to disrupt nature’s basic cycles and to undermine the self-regenerating capacities of the biosphere and of its individual components.

This is illustrated by the following data. By comparison with the beginning of the twentieth century the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as of aerosols, has increased dozens of times in many cities, and has increased globally by 20 per cent. As a result of the formation of a layer of carbon dioxide around the Earth which encloses it like a glass cover the threat of unfavorable changes in climate has arisen that may transform our blue planet into an enormous greenhouse during the next decades, with possibly catastrophic effects. Those include changes in its energy balance and a gradual increase in temperature that will transform fertile regions into arid ones, raise the level of water in the oceans (through the melting of polar and drifting ice) and produce a flooding of great numbers of coastal lands and cities. The threat of a disruption in the ozone screen in the lower stratosphere as a result of the flights of supersonic aircraft ( its destruction by 50 per cent will increase ultraviolet radiation 10 times, with corresponding influences on the sight of animals and humans). Pollution of the oceans has increased at a rate that threatens to make it global (4.10 tons of petroleum are channeled to the ocean, i.e., approximately 0.1. per cent of petroleum production on maritime shelves).

All this exerts a substantial adverse influence on the health of individuals, their labour productivity, and their creative activities and requires increasing capital investments in order to sustain the fertility of agricultural land and to purify water bodies, since their waters are becoming unsuitable both for general use and for use in the economy. The pollution of the environment through chemical, physical and biological agents (the development of micro-organisms and agricultural pests that are immune to drugs and poisons) together with increases in the volume and types of ionizing radiation, produce, among other things, an increase in their mutagenic influence on individuals, that is , in pathological changes in heredity, and a greater number of hereditary defects, diseases, genetically determined forms of vulnerability to serious and chronic diseases. These impede the vital activities and reproductive functions of individuals and cause their genetic degeneration. Calculations of researchers indicate that increases in natural background radiation by only 10 rads may lead to the birth of 6 million hereditarily defective persons in each generation. Already now, according to UN experts, 10.5 per cent of people are born with hereditary (genetic) defects. Data concerning deaths from cancer published be the National Cancer Institute of the U.S. indicate that 60 per cent or more of the cases (500,000 cases of cancer per year) are caused by various cancer-producing factors in the environment.

1) self - regenerating capacity - өз-өзінен реттеу;

2) ozone screen - озон қабаты;

3) mutagenic – мутагенді;

4) natural background radiation - табиғи фондық радиация (сәулелену);

5) rad - яд. физ. рад (0,01 дж кг); яд. Физ. Рад. (0,01 Дж кг);

6) dangerous - қауіпті;

7) threaten - қауіп төндіру;

8) gradual - біртіндеп;

9) arid - құрғақ, сусыз;

10) melt - еру;

11) capital investment - капитал салымы;

12) purify - тазалау;

13) drug - дәрі, дәрі-дәрмек;

14) vulnerability - сезгіштік;

15) impede - бөгет болу, бөгеу;

16) generation - ұрпақ.
2.4.2 Мәтіннен Present Perfect-те сөйлемді тауып қазақ тіліне аударыңыз
2.4.3 Жұрнақтардың мәтін ескеріп ағылшын сөздеріне тиісінше қазақша эквиваленттерді іріктеңіз:

1) health, healthy, healthless;

2) purifier, purify, purification;

3) poisoning, poison, poisonous;

4) destruction, destructively, destructive;

5) favour, favourable, unfavourable;

6) fertility, fertilizer, fertilize;

7) aridity, aridness, arid;

8) disrupt, disruption, disruptive.
2.4.4 Төмендегі сөздер мен сөз тіркестерінің мағынасын дұрыс түсінгеніңізді тексеріңіз

food supply, disruption, layer, unfavorable, fertile, fertility, coastal, health, water body, pest, poison, heredity, hereditary, disease, ozone screen

1) field pest, forest pest, garden pest;

2) surface layer, depletion layer, oxygen rich layer;

3) unfavorable weather, unfavorable climate, unfavorable changes, unfavorable heredity;

4) dangerous impact, dangerous pollution, dangerous disease, dangerous consequences, dangerous interference;

5) disruption of the temperature, disruption of the oxygen balance;

6) arid land, arid climate, arid region;

7) increasing fertility, chemical fertility, economic fertility;

8) threat of war, threat of extinction, threat destruction, threat of depletion, threat of a disruption in the oxygen balance.

2.4.6 Мәтін бойынша сұрақтарға жауап беріңіз

1. What problem is one of the pressing problems of our days?

2. What may cause catastrophic results?

3. How many times has the accumulation of carbon dioxide increased in the atmosphere?

4. What will transform fertile regions into arid ones?

5. What can you say about the ozone screen?

6. What and how does the pollution of the environment influence individuals?

7. According to UN experts, how many per cent of people are born with hereditary defects?

8. What does the National Cancer Institute of the U.S. indicate?
2.4.7 Оқып, қазақ және орыс тілінде сондай түбірлі сөздерге ұқсас төмендегі сөздердің мағынасын анықтаңыз

ecology, dominant, ecosystem, catastrophic, anthropogenic, cycle, accumulation, aerosol, planet, balance, stratosphere, ultraviolet, immune, ionizing, pathological, defect, genetically, chronic, degeneration.