и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. с. 104–106.
Blokh M. Y.
2004. P. 99–119.
Ilyish B. A.
48
14. Verb: category of Tense
Tense is a verbal category which reflects the objective category
of time and expresses the relations between the time of the action
and the time of the utterance. Tense is an inherent verbal category
interrelated with Aspect. It is common practice to teach tense-aspect
forms in general English courses. In grammatical theory, this approach
is supported by I. P. Ivanova, who distinguishes between pure tense
forms and tense-aspect forms, the latter being treated as the complexes
expressing both temporal and aspective meaning.
Past, present, and future are the objective time divisions. However,
it does not mean that tense systems of different languages are identical.
Moreover, English grammar admits of two different tense systems.
According to one interpretation, there are three tenses in English:
present, past and future, represented by the synthetic forms (e. g.
write
,
\writes
,
wrote
) or analytical forms (e. g.
will write
). This three tense
system is supported by many scholars, in particular, B. A. Ilyish.
According to the other view, there are two grammatically relevant
tenses in English: the present tense and the past tense. Some doubts
about the existence of a future tense in English were first expressed
by H. Sweet and O. Jespersen. They assumed that in the phrase
“
shall/ will +
infinitive” the verbs
shall
and
will
still preserved some
of their original modal meaning (obligation and volition, respectively).
This approach still prevails with many scholars (e. g. R. Quirk et al); the
phrases “
shall/will +
infinitive” are treated by them as ungrammatical
(a sort of free phrases which are used to express future actions).
Structural approach to English grammar admits of the binary
opposition of the Past (the strong member, marked with the -
ed
inflection) and the Non-Past (the weak, unmarked member), with the
Future being excluded. One of the major proponents of this approach,
L. S. Barkhudarov based his reasoning on the analysis of the Future-in-
the-Past forms. According to him these combinations express both the
future and the past time. However, such double marking is impossible
for a grammatical category understood in the framework of the
oppositional theory. M. Y. Blokh also distinguishes between the past
tense and the present tense, the two making up “the category of primary
49
time”. However, he introduces one more temporal category — “the
category of prospect” as the binary opposition of the forms expressing
“after-action” (+) and “non-after-action” (−). This innovation has been
made in order to include the analytical form “
shall/will +
infinitive” in
the grammatical system of temporal relations.
As regards the Future-in-the-Past forms, their position in the system
of English tenses is very specific. They do not easily fit in the system
of tenses represented by a straight line running out of the past to the
future. They are rather a deviation from this line. Their starting point is
not a present moment, from which the past and the future are reckoned,
but the past itself. With reference to these forms it is said that the past is
a new centre of this subsystem. The theory of shifted temporal centers
was proposed by I. P. Ivanova, and she also suggested that the term
“Future-in-the-Past” should be replaced by the term “dependent future”.
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