Woggles ugged diggles
;
Uggs woggled digs
;
Woggs diggled uggs.
Cf.:
Глокая куздра штеко будланула бокра и куздрячит
бокренка
(л. в. Щерба).
In fact, the main contribution of American Descriptive School to
modern linguistics is the development of the techniques of linguistic
analysis, viz. the Distributional method and the IC-method (the method
of immediate constituents). The distribution of a linguistic unit is the
total of all environments in which it occurs. An immediate constituent is
one of the two constituents of which the given linguistic form is directly
built up. Immediate constituents are constituent elements immediately
entering into any meaningful combination (e. g.
friendliness
=
[
friend
+
ly
] +
ness
). The dichotomic division of a construction begins
with the larger elements and continues to ultimate constituents.
The methods of Descriptive Linguistics gave rise to
Transformational Grammar (T-Grammar) with its method of
transformation understood as the transition from one syntactic pattern
to another syntactic pattern with the preservation of the notional parts.
The main problems of T-Grammar were to establish the set of kernel
sentences (basic syntactic structures) and to establish the set and the
order of transformation rules for deriving all the other sentences from
kernel ones. R. B. Lees reduced the number of basic structures to the
two: NV and N is N/A. Ch. Fries proposed the three patterns: N is N/A;
NVN; NV.
Z. S. Harris gave the following list of kernel sentences in the
English language:
1) N V (
The team went away
) — the V occurs without object.
2) N V N (
We’ll take it
).
14
3) N V prep N (
The teacher looked at him
).
4) N is N (
He is an architect
).
5) N is A (
The girl is pretty
).
6) N is prep N (
The paper is of importance
).
7) N is D (
The man is here
).
Two more basic structures were also introduced:
8) N V N N (
The teacher gave him his pen
) — for the V of the
“give” type.
9) N V N D (
He threw his coat on the sofa
) — for the V of the “put”
type.
Transformational-Generative Grammar developed by N. Chomsky
(“Three Models for the Description of Language”, 1956), is a more
specific type of T-Grammar. It holds that some grammatical rules are
transformational, i. e. they change one structure into another according
to such prescribed conventions as moving, inserting, deleting, and
replacing items. It stipulates two levels of syntactic structure: deep
structure (an abstract underlying structure that holds all the syntactic
information required for the interpretation of a given sentence) and
surface structure (a structure that includes all the syntactic features of
a sentence required to convert the sentence into a spoken or written
version).
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |