Working bibliography
Иванова И. П.
теоретическая грамматика современного английского
языка / и. п. иванова, в. в. бурлакова, г. г. почепцов. М., 1981.
с. 74–79.
Прибыток И. И.
теоретическая грамматика английского языка /
и. и. прибыток. М., 2008. C. 96–104.
Blokh M. Y.
A Course in Theoretical English Grammar / M. Y. Blokh. Moscow,
2004. P. 170–179.
Ilyish B. A.
The Structure of Modern English / B. A. Ilyish. Leningrad, 1971.
P. 114–122.
18. Verb: category of mood
The category of mood is the most controversial category of the
verb. The only points in this sphere which have not been disputed are:
1) there is a category of mood in Modern English; 2) there are at least
57
two moods in English verb, one of which is the indicative. As to the
number of the other moods, their meanings and names, opinions today
are as far apart as ever. What makes the problem even more difficult is
that the category of mood differs in principle from the verbal categories
of tense and aspect. While the categories of tense and aspect characterize
the action from the point of view of its various inherent properties, the
category of mood expresses the outer interpretation of the action as a
whole, namely, the speaker’s introduction of this action as actual or
imaginary.
The grammatical category of mood makes up a part of a general
linguistic category of modality. Verbal mood is regarded as primary
modality, while such lexical groups as modal verbs (e. g.
can
,
must
should
) and modal words (e. g.
perhaps
,
probably
) as well as the
prosodic feature of intonation are considered to be the means of
secondary modality.
The category of mood has been given various definitions. One of
them reads: The category of mood expresses the relation of the action
to reality as stated by the speaker. In other words, the category of mood
expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by
the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact
that really happened, happens or will happen (the indicative mood), or
treating it as an imaginary phenomenon, i. e. the subject of a hypothesis,
speculation, desire (the imperative mood, the subjunctive mood). This
system of three moods is typical of practical grammar courses.
The imperative mood in English is represented by the base form
of the verb, or the bare infinitive, e. g.
Come!
There are also lexico-
grammatical forms of the imperative with the verb
let
, e. g.:
Let the
children do it
;
Let’s go and have some coffee.
The imperative mood forms
are limited
in their use to one type of sentences, namely, imperative
sentences. Most British and American scholars do not recognize the
verbal category of the imperative mood, they prefer to speak about the
imperative sentences as a special type of utterances.
The subjunctive mood has its own problems. It can be expressed by
both synthetic forms (
infinitive
,
were
,
the past indefinite) and analytical
forms (
should/would +
infinitive). The latter are not recognized by
58
many British and American scholars because they are homonymous to
the word-combinations of modal verbs with the infinitive.
In the sphere of mood, the main division which is generally accepted
is the division into the indicative mood and the other (oblique) moods:
the imperative, the subjunctive, the suppositional, the conditional, etc.
In linguistic literature one can find the number of English moods ranging
from two to sixteen. The binary opposition of two moods is typical of
structural approach. L. S. Barkhudarov recognizes the indicative mood
and the imperative mood in English, while M. Y. Blokh distinguishes
between the indicative mood and the subjunctive mood. The other
extreme of the range is the system of sixteen moods, proposed by
M. Deutschbein who speaks of every English form expressing unreal
action as of a separate mood. Between these two extremes there are
several intermediate views such as that of A. I. Smirnitsky who
proposed a system of six moods: Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive I
(the forms that do not contradict reality, e. g.
if he be, I suggest that
he go
), Subjunctive II (the forms that contradict reality, e.
g. if it
were
,
if he had known
), Suppositional (“
should +
infinitive” for all
persons, e. g.
Should you meet him
…), Conditional (analytical forms of
“
should/ would +
infinitive” in the main clause of conditional sentences,
e. g.
What would you answer if you were asked
…).
E. M. Gordon and I. P. Krylova have made a list of forms expressing
unreality. These forms are: 1) the plain stem of the verb for all persons,
e. g.
They propose that he borrow
; 2)
were
for all persons, e. g.
I wish
I were ten years younger
; 3) the past indefinite form, e. g.
He looked
as if he knew about it
; 4) the past perfect form, e. g.
He looked as if he
had seen a ghost
; 5) “
should/would
+ infinitive”, e. g.
If I had a garden
I should grow tulips in it
; 6) “
should/would
+ perfect infinitive”, e. g.
If it hadn’t rained we would have gone for a walk
; 7)
should
for all
persons, e. g.
I insist that he should meet us at the station
; 8)
would
for
all persons, e. g.
I wish he wouldn’t interrupt me
; 9) “
Can/could/may/
might
+ infinitive”, e. g.
I’m telling you this so that you can write to
your parents about it
.
The variety of verbal moods is accounted for by the specific
situation with this category in English as one and the same form may
have two or more different meanings. For example,
we should come
in
the sentence
I think we should come here again tomorrow
is equivalent
to
we ought to come
, in the sentence
If we knew that he wants us we
should come to see him
denotes a conditional action, in the sentence
How queer that we should come at the very moment when you were
talking about us
denotes a real action. On the other hand, one and the
same meaning can be expressed by different forms, e. g.
I suggest that
we go — I suggest that we should go
;
I wish they weren’t so noisy —
I wish they wouldn’t be so noisy.
The described system of English verbal moods has not been
completed in the historical development of the language. On the contrary,
it is in the state of making and change, which may be illustrated by
the fluctuating use of the auxiliaries
should
and
would
. Thus, our task
is to register these phenomena, to explain their mechanism, to show
the tendencies of usage in terms of systematic context and stylistic
preferences.
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