Bosh muharrir o’rinbosari: Заместитель главного редактора
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№4 | 2021 50 The fact that blithe is slowly becoming a dead 'joy' word, appearing mostly in polite expressions, is further supported by the following use: 3) His barounes bowed hym to, blybe of his come [Confessio Amantis, p.129] Cheer in MED is given the following senses of there: 1. a) The human face; the face or presence of God; b) the face (of a flower, star); surface. 2. a) The face as expressing emotion, attitude or character; facial expression, mien; b) maken chere... make faces, grimace. 3. a) A gesture or act indicative of an attitude or intention; b) outward appearance or show; display (of emotion); insincere show of affection. 4. The way in which one behaves; manner, bearing, behaviour, or an instance of it; polite or courtly manner. 5. a) Frame of mind, state of feeling, spirit; mood, humour; ... b) good cheer or humour; gladness, happiness, joy; ... (c) what chere? how do you feel? 6. a) Kindness, friendliness, sympathy, hospitality (as shown a visitor or friend) ... b) ungodli - - -, unkind reception or treatment (of a visitor). 7. a) maken (sb.) chere, to treat (sb.) kindly or hospitably; welcome; entertain; also to humour, amuse, or flatter (sb.)... [MED, p.456] MED also suggests the source of the word: OE chier, cher. The OED entry for cheer 'joy, gladness' and the related senses identifies its etymology in the following way: "ME. chere, a. OE. chiere, chere face". An emotion term labeling a certain emotion may refer to only one of the stages of the emotional process: stimulus; assessment of the stimulus; physiological reaction; or social display of reaction. In the case of cheer, the label for the display of emotion (facial expression) is first adapted from a general term for face, then develops the meaning 'mood, state of mind', usually positive, and eventually is used to refer to the positive emotion of 'joy'. [Sweetser E.From Etymology to Pragmatics//Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.p.25] The development of meaning toward 'hospitality' and 'entertain' seems to be a parallel development. Itis quite likely that the relation between these two meanings goes along the lines: 'happy to see a guest' ('joy') - 'hospitable' ('hospitality') 'willing to share the joy with the guest' ('entertain'). Therefore, the most common triggers of cheer 'joy' are feasting and social amusements as: 1. bey ete & dranke & made good schere. [Methodius,p.765] 2. Of sportis & ofchere, And of othir myrthis. [Confessio Amantis, p.220] 4) In the sense of 'entertainment' it most often appears with the concept of 'music', i.e. Fore to syng and mak good chere [Confessio Amantis, p.89] Blithe has much fewer occurrences than bliss Blithe accompanies singing. It co-occurs, too, with glad and appears in the phrase to make somebody blithe ‘to entertain or please somebody’. It also appears in set phrases, such as be blithe and bid somebody blithe. These collocations, together with a general decrease in usage, can be regarded as an indication that a word is becoming rare or obsolete and increasingly appears only in traditionally used set expressions. In the sense of 'joy' cheer co-occurs with such words as laughing, kissing andmeny. Glad- is used as an adjective. It means: Joyfulness Pleased (forms glædnes, gladschipe, gleadung) The adjective mostly appears together with Bliðe; Merry; Joycund; Joyful and make greeting phrase Be glad! It also often refers to the looks of a person and then collocates with chere 'face' or eyes, in which case it usually means 'bright'. The noun appears in phrases suggesting the underlying joy is a container/space metaphor, as in Past all despeyre and owte of all gladenesse (Methodius,p.165). There are the following causes of 'gladness': Feasts; Drinking; Spending time with friend; Jesting; Singing and music; Riding horses; News or a letter; Somebody's visit and helping somebody. |