Exercise 8. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true to the text. 1. When a stone enters and obstructs the ureter, renal colic does not occur.
2. Intermittent or persistent obstruction to the flow of urine leads to stasis, infection, hydronephrosis and renal destruction.
3. Calcium oxalate stones usually are small, white, rough and not hard.
4. The pain in case of calculi originates in the back or flank and radiates across the abdomen and into the groin.
5. There may be only nausea and vomiting in calculi.
6. A mild infection develops in the cortex of the kidney.
7. Migration of a stone may cause obstruction.
8. Kidney stones can never pass through the urinary system themselves.
Exercise 9. Give the English equivalents: Повна втрата нирки; дрібна галька; повторна закупорка; нестерпний біль; болючість; ниркова коліка; клінічні прояви; часте сечовипускання; ниркове руйнування; обстеження нирок; потік сечі; блювання та потіння; пах; черевні м’язи.
Exercise 10. Find antonyms to the following words:
Exercise 11. Make the following sentences interrogative: 1. The manifestations of renal calculi are extremely variable. 2. In many instances stones are carried in the kidneys for years.
3. Persistent or repeated obstruction leads to pyonephrosis or hydronephrosis.
4. Calcium oxalate stones usually are small, dark, rough and hard. 5. Migration of a stone may cause obstruction with resultant stasis.
6) The excruciating pain originates in the back of flank.
7. A mild infection develops in the pelvis. 8. Treatment depends on the type of stones.
