Грамматика английского языка

12 
 
look, to turn, to seize-
схватить, понять, постигнуть (мысль); хватать (руками),
 to grasp
-хватать, 
зажимать (в руке), понять, схватить (основную идею); осознать,
 to put, to put on, to take, to take 
off, to open, to close, to pass, to cross, etc. 
• 
Hearing footsteps below, he rose and went to the top of the stairs. 
Услышав шаги 
внизу, он встал и вышел на лестницу. 
• 
 Arriving at the station, he found the train gone. 
• 
Leaving the house, Andrew continued his round. 
• 
Turning the corner, you’ll see the house you are looking for. 
• 
Taking off our shoes, we tiptoed into the nursery. 
• 
Looking out of the window, she saw that the rain had stopped. 
 
(b)  Participle  I  Perfect  of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of time 
(промежуток времени)
 between the two actions, or when the action denoted by the parti-
ciple is durative 
(продолжающийся, не законченный).
 Compare the following examples: 
• 
Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her. 
• 
Having seen the girl only once, I didn’t recognize her. 
• 
Not having seen her for a long time, I didn’t recognize her. 
 
(c) Sometimes The Perfect Participle is used to emphasize priority. Compare these 
examples: 
• 
Her husband, finding the right key, fits it into the lock of the bureau. 
(письменный 
стол) 
• 
Having found the place he sought, Bateman sent in his card to the manager. 
 
(d) Participle I Indefinite may denote a posterior
 
action 
(последующее действие)
, imme-
diately following the first action, forming its part or being its result, as in: 
• 
Lizzy left the room, banging the door shut. = Lizzy left the room and banged 
the door shut. 
• 
John fell, hurting his knee. = John fell and hurt his knee. 
 
(e) There may be a lapse of time between the first and the second (posterior) action. 
This is evident from the context. 
 
• 
I then hired a car and went home, arriving just before twelve o’clock. 
• 
We left at dawn, returning late. 
 
(f) As seen from the above examples Participle I Indefinite denoting a prior action 
usually precedes the predicate verb. When it denotes a posterior action, it stands al-
ways after the predicate verb. In both cases it corresponds to the Russian perfective 
adverbial participle 
(деепричастие) (
приехав, повернув, услышав, сняв, поднявшись, найдя, хлопнув, 
вернувшись) 
 
● Participle II has no tense distinctions: it has only one form which expresses both 
an action simultaneous with, or prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; the 
latter case is more frequent.
 
 
 
 
• 
written / fallen / left / done/ opened/ invited 

13 
 
• 
The books written by him are very popular now. 
• 
When tired, take a walk in the park. 
 The voice distinctions of the participle 
 
● Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the pas-
sive voice. 
• 
When writing letters he does not like to be disturbed. 
• 
Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out. 
• 
Having written some letters he went to post them. 
• 
Having been written long ago, the manuscript was illegible. 
• 
Translating from English into Russian, you should know well both languages. 
• 
Being translated into many languages, the novel is known all over the world. 
• 
Having translated the text into Russian, we handed it to the teacher. 
• 
Having been translated long ago, the novel is likely to be re-translated. 
 
● Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning: 
• 
a broken glass = a glass which was broken 
• 
a caged bird = a bird who is caged 
 
● Participle II of intransitive verbs has an active meaning; it is used only in com-
pound tense-forms and has no independent function in the sentence: 
• 
has fallen, had laughed, have swum 
 
● Sometimes Participle II of intransitive verbs denotes passing into a new state and 
it serves to show that the person or thing denoted by the head-noun is the doer of the 
action expressed by the participle: 
• 
a withered flower 
- засохший цветок
. His face was like a withered apple. (= an apple 
that withered) 
• 
a faded leaf 
- увядший листок
. She looked at the faded photograph. 
• 
a fallen star 
- упавшая звезда
. She sat down on a fallen tree to have a short rest. 
the fallen leaves 
- опавшие листья
; fallen acorns 
- упавшие желуди
 
• 
a retired colonel 
- отставной полковник, уволенный в запас, вышедший на пенсию
; the retired 
president. Jenkinson was a retired colonel whose chief occupation was gardening. 
• 
vanished 
- исчезнувший
; the vanished jewels 
- пропавшие драгоценности
; the vanished ci-
vilization - 
исчезнувшая цивилизация
 
• 
the risen sun 
- поднявшееся солнце
 
• 
the departed guest 
- уехавший гость
 
• 
his deceased partner 
- покойный, умерший партнер
 
• 
decayed 
- сгнивший, разрушенный, пришедший в упадок, жалкий, захудалый
; a decayed tooth - 
разрушенный зуб 
•  Note: there are not many participles formed from intransitive verbs. 
 
● Participle II of phrasal verbs retains its composite structure: 
• 
a boy brought up in a teacher’s family 
 
● Participle II of prepositional transitive verbs is followed by the appropriate prepo-
sitions: 
• 
a book often asked for; the article referred to; a man much spoken of 

14 
 
• 
The dictionary referred to is to be found in our library. 
Словарь, на который ссылаются, 
можно найти в нашей библиотеке.
 
◄►Participle I - Participle II (-ing or -ed) 
 
The participle may lose its verbal character and becomes adjectivized 
(адъек-
тивизируется, т.е. переходит в класс прилагательных; при этом причастие в какой-то мере меняет 
свое значение, а также приобретает грамматические характеристики прилагательных).
 Some 
present participles (-ing forms) and past participles (-ed forms) of verbs can be used 
as adjectives. There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. 
 
For example: ‘boring 
(скучный, надоедливый, неинтересный)
 and bored
 (скучающий, утомленный)
’ 
 
• 
He is boring. 
Он скучный/ надоедливый/ неинтересный
. I am bored. 
Мне скучно/ мне надоело
. 
 
  Study this example situation: ‘Jane has been doing the same job for a very 
long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She 
doesn’t enjoy it any more and would like to do something different. 
• 
Jane’s job is boring. 
Работа Джейн скучная.
 
• 
Jane is bored with her job.
 Джейн скучно
./
Джейн надоела работа.
 
 
●  Somebody is bored  if something is boring.  Or, if something is boring, it makes 
you bored. So: 
• 
Jane is bored because her job is boring. 
• 
Jane’s job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not ‘Jane is boring’) 
 
● If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored. 
• 
George always talks about the same things. He’s really boring. 
• 
The boring professor put the students to sleep. 
• 
The boring lecture put the students to sleep. 
• 
The bored students went to sleep during the boring lecture. 
• 
The child saw a frightening movie. The frightened child began to cry. 
 
● Participle I is used as an adjective when the noun it modifies performs or is re-
sponsible for an action. 
 
● Participle II is used as an adjective when the noun it modifies is the receiver of 
the action. 
 
• 
She gave me a welcoming cup of tea.
 
(
welcoming
 - гостеприимный, приятный) 
• 
The students’ tests results were pleasing.
 
(
pleasing
 - приятный, доставляющий удовольствие) 
• 
My mother appeared delighted with the present.
 
(
delighted
 - рад, доволен) 
 
o  Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed: 
 
  The -ing adjective tells you about 
the job. 
•  You can say: 
• 
My job is boring. 
  The  -ed  adjective tells you how 
somebody feels about the job.
 
•  You can say: 
• 
I’m bored with my job. 

15 
 
• 
My job is interesting. 
• 
My job is tiring. 
(утомительный) 
• 
My job is satisfying. 
(приносящая удовле-
творение, доставляющая удовольствие) 
• 
My job is depressing. 
(гнетущая, унылая; 
наводящая тоску) 
 
o  Compare these examples: 
• 
interesting 
• 
Julia thinks politics is very interesting. 
• 
Did you meet anyone interesting at the 

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