Грамматика английского языка

9 
 
• 
He was given two articles on this subject, the latter being more 
interesting. 
Ему дали на эту тему две статьи, причем последняя была интереснее. 
• 
He lit a cigarette, his fingers trembling.
 
• 
He rose to his feet, his arms folded. 
Он встал, скрестив руки на груди.
 
• 
She rose from the bed and stood motionless, her head bent, her 
hands clasped.
 
d) condition
 
• 
Weather permitting, the football match will take place on 
Wednesday. 
Если погода позволит, футбольный матч состоится в среду.
 
• 
Negotiations failing, we will have to change our proposals. 
Если 
переговоры не будут иметь успеха, нам придется изменять наши предложения.
 
◄► 6. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction ◄► 
 
Function: Adverbial modifier of: 
a) attendant 
circumstances
 
• 
It is unhealthy to sleep with windows shut. 
• 
It was a lovely morning with a keen 
(резкий)
 breeze whipping the 
water. 
• 
Andrew went into the house with his heart beating fast. 
• 
She sat silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground. 
Она сидела молча, 
опустив глаза. 
• 
She looked especially pretty this morning with her hair and 
nails carefully done.
 
b) cause 
• 
With Louise living in Spain, we don’t see her very often. 
(=Because Louise lives in Spain, we don’t see her very often.) 
• 
I won’t speak with him staring at me like that. 
• 
I can’t walk with my leg broken. 
 
◄► 7. Absolute Constructions without a Participle: ◄► 
 
 
◄ 7. (A) The Nominative Absolute Construction ► 
 
Function: Adverbial modifier of: 
a) time
 
The interview over, he stood up and left the room.
b) attendant circumstances 
• 
She waited a moment, her eyes full of alarm. 
• 
She sat there, her mind deep in thought. 
 
◄ 7. (B) The Prepositional Absolute Construction ► 
 
Function: Adverbial modifier of: 
a) attendant circumstances
 
• 
He left the room, with the dog after him.
 
• 
She sat there in silence, with pain in her heart.
 

10 
 
The Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs (or The Verbals) 
The verb has finite forms and non-finite which are also called verbals. There 
are three verbals in English: the Participle, the Gerund and the Infinitive. 
The verbals do not express person, number or mood; therefore they cannot be 
used as the predicate of the sentence. Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals 
have tense and voice distinction. 
 
◄► The Participle ◄► 
 
The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a double nature: it is 
a verbal adjective (it has a verbal and adjectival character) or it is a verbal adverb (it 
has a verbal and adverbial character). 
(Причастие - это неличная форма глагола. Функции 
причастия близки к функциям прилагательного и наречия.)
 
There are two participles in English – Participle I and Participle II, tradition-
ally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle though they differ in voice 
rather than in tense. Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the 
verb and Participle II – by adding the suffix -ed to the stem of the regular verbs, while 
the irregular verbs have special forms of Participle II. 
 
Cf. taking – taken 
(берущий - взятый)
 
• 
asking – asked 
(спрашивающий - спрошенный)
 
• 
writing – written 
(пишущий - написанный)
 
• 
telling – told 
(рассказывающий - рассказанный)
 
• 
the rising moon – the risen moon 
• 
the retiring director – the retired director 
• 
The same in the auctioneer’s formula: Going! Going! Gone! 
Продается! Продается! 
Продано! 
 
o 
The adjectival and adverbial character 
of the participle is manifested in its 
syntactic functions as an attribute and an adverbial modifier. 
 
• 
Problems facing parents should be discussed. 
(attribute) 
• 
When left to herself, she spent her time at her writing desk.
 (adverbial modifier of 
time) Оставшись одна, она провела время за своим письменным столом. 
 
o 
The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows: 
 
1.
  Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object. 
• 
Reading English books, he finds interesting expressions. 
2.
  Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb. 
• 
Knowing English well, he had no difficulty in translating the article. 
• 
Deeply moved, she stood up and left the room. 
• 
Rising early, you’ll make your days longer. 

11 
 
3.
  Participle I has tense distinctions: Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice 
distinctions and it has four forms: 
►
 

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