Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов
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лекция по грамматиае
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Parcellation
- Substitution
- Representation
| Adjunction
( присоединение ) is similar to development. It consists in modifying words as syntactic elements with particles (e.g. only for you, just in case, even at such a great sum ). Inclusion ( включение ) consists in inserting modal words and similar elements into a sentence. (e. g. Apparently, this is the only way out. A true friend, indeed. ) The specific status of these elements (certain semantics, independence of other sentence members, non-fixed position within the sentence boundaries) does not allow regarding them as a sentence member. Isolation is a syntactic process aimed at accentuating some sentence member or sentence member group. The needed effect is reached by prosodic means, pausation being used most often. Parcellation is a particular case of isolation. Parcellation takes place when the isolated element forms a separate sentence. (e. g. I used to. At home. ) The examined syntactic processes deal either with modifying the structure of a syntactic element aimed at making it more complicated, or with expanding the element. Substitution, representation and ellipsis play a different role. They are characterized by general text dependence and orientation towards compression. The resulting element is correlated either with some preceding or following elements. Substitution ( замещение ) is a use of words with generalized structural meaning instead of words and constructions with specific meaning which were mentioned earlier. e.g. Do you want me to open the window? – Yes, please do. Would you kindly pass me an apple? – Do you want a red one? Representation ( репрезентация ) consists in using a part of some syntactic unit representing the whole unit. e.g. Could you help me? – I will be happy to. 96 He is not coming tonight, is he? – I hope not. Ellipsis ( опущение ) takes place when a structurally needed element of the construction is not explicitly used but only implied. The omitted element can be restored from the context. e.g. It seems so strange! – It is! Conclusion: Accepting the elementary sentence and the syntactic process as important syntactic notions, we can conclude that a sentence, on the one hand, is a construction whose structure is built according to the language system, and on the other, the structure of the sentence can be expanded and reduced according to specific communication needs and conditions. |