Lecture 13
Semantic Structure of the Sentence.
Actual Division of the Sentence
1.
Semantic roles. Minimization of semantic roles.
2.
Actual division of the sentence. The notion of theme and rheme.
3.
Language means of expressing the theme and the rheme.
1. Semantic Roles and Semantic Configurations
A semantic role
is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the
main
verb
in a
clause
. It is also known as
semantic case, thematic role, theta role
(generative grammar)
,
and
deep case
(case grammar). Semantic role is the actual
role a participant plays in some real or imagined situation, apart from the linguistic
encoding of those situations. If, in some real or imagined situation, someone
named
John
purposely hits someone named
Bill,
then
John
is the
agent
and
Bill
is
the
patient
of the hitting event. Therefore, the semantic role of
Bill
is the same
(patient) in both of the following sentences:
John hit Bill.
Bill was hit by John.
In both of the above sentences,
John
has the semantic role of agent.
A set of semantic roles and an action expressed by a verb constitute a
linguistic semantic model of an extralinguistic situation and are called
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