Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка для студентов
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лекция по грамматиае
- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Specification
- Complication
| Expansion
( расширение ) consists in adding of some syntactic units to another unit. The added elements have the same syntactic status as the expanded element. The simplest type of expansion is repetition of some element in a syntagmatic chain. e.g. Good, good boy. I walked and walked. Compression goes together with expansion. A construction is compressed when some part common for the elements of expansion remains unexpanded. e.g. I was about to spit into his face, slam the door behind me and walk away . Elements of expansion can be connected by relations of two different types: 1) additive; 2) specificative. Addition ( аддиция ) takes place when each element of expansion relates to others as both semantically and syntactically independent unit. (e.g. She cried bitterly and with despair .) Specification ( спецификация ) can be observed when one syntactic unit semantically develops the other, makes it more specific. (e.g. I’ll give you a call tomorrow, after 5 p.m.) Specificatively related units are connected both semantically and syntactically not only with the head word but also with the preceding element of specification. Complication is a syntactic process that consists in transforming the structure of a syntactic unit from simple to complex. The complicacy of structure presupposes a mutual syntactic dependence of the unit’s constituents. e.g. She cried. She began to cry. 94 Most often, the process affects the predicate and the object. Complication of the predicate. The following three types of complication are singled out according to the morphological appurtenance of the complicating element: 1) active-verbal complication (e.g. I have to go ); 2) passive-verbal complication (e.g. He is expected to come ); 3) adjectival complication (e.g. He is unlikely to come ). In the first two types the complicating element is a verb either in the active or in the passive form respectively, in the third type – an adjective, a participle or a category of state word with a copula-verb. Complication of the object. Complication of the direct object is possible after verbs of certain semantics. It consists in adding an infinitive, a participle, an adjective, or a prepositional group to a noun or a pronoun performing the function of the object. The object and the complicating element stand in the relations of secondary predication. e.g. I found him attractive. She considered me a fool. Complication of other sentence members expressed by nominal parts of speech is also possible, but it is not so widely spread. e.g. complication of the subject: There is someone hiding in the kitchen. complication of the predicative: It was him standing in the dark. жүктеу/скачать 0,5 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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