, (2.11)
, , (2.12)
. (2.13)
Төзімділік шегі болып белгіленеді.
3. Айнымалы цикл. Күш шамасының кері бағытта өзгеруі кез келген шамада болуы мүмкін (2.1, б, д - сурет). Айнымалы цикл дәрежесі
,
кез келген кері таңбалы сан болып келеді: ![](data:image/png;base64,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) , және т.б.
Айнымалы циклмен өзгеретін күштер көбінесе симметриялық немесе пульсирлік циклге келтіріліп есепке алынады. Сондықтан практикада бөлшектерді симметриялық және пульсирлік циклмен түсетін күшке есептейді.
Айнымалы күштер әсер еткенде бөлшектер төзімділік шегі немесе қажу шегі арқылы есептеледі.
Төзімділік шегі деп материалдардың бұзылмай шексіз көп циклді айнымалы күштерді қабылдауына сәйкес келетін күш кернеуін айтады.
Материалдардың төзімділік шегі көптеген жағдайларға, атап айтқанда:
циклдердің түрі мен олардың асимметриялық дәрежесіне;
кернеу шоғырлануын пайда ететін оймалар мен бөлшектердің пішініне;
бөлшектердің өлшемдеріне (масштабтық көрсеткіш);
жасалу технологиясы мен беттерінің өңделуіне, бет бедерлеріне байланысты болады.
Достарыңызбен бөлісу: |