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УДК 811.161.1 
FUNCTIONAL –SEMANTIC DIRECTION IN MODERN LINGUISTICS 
М.Н.Нуржанова 
Университет Баишева, Актобе, Казахстан 
M.N.Nurzhanova 
Aktobe university named after S.Baishev, 
Aktobe, Kazakhstan 
E-mail:
gulaiym-9@mail.ru
 
А.К.Утепберген 
Университет Баишева, Актобе, Казахстан 
Aktobe university named after S.Baishev, 
Aktobe, Kazakhstan 
E-mail:
Utepbergenova75@mail.ru
 
Abstract 
The article is devoted to the functional grammar - a direction in the modern linguistical science about the language, 
special subject of it became functions and functioning of the language units and language system in the speech. 
 
 
Keywords 
Linguistics, morphological categories, semantics, function, functional grammar, functional-
 semantic field
 
 
 
The current stage in the development of linguistics is characterized mainly by an appeal to the functional aspects of the 
language and, consequently, a desire to understand the laws of language in action. ―The whole picture of the world, the 
whole life of a person (more precisely, of human society) in the world, passed through the collective human 
consciousness, is reflected in language and, finding corresponding forms of expression in each language, becomes the 
content of communication‖ (19.5). 
The actual task of modern linguistics in this regard is the realization of grammar as a certain part of a living, functioning 
system: ―Language functions not because it is a system, but, on the contrary, it is a system to perform its functions‖ 
(17,156). Language cannot be considered a language outside its functioning, since it serves as the main means o f 
communication for people, the formation and formulation of thoughts. 
Currently, the problems of semantics are given great attention due to the fact that the study of the semantics of 
vocabulary (Karaulov, 1976; Apresyan, 1974; Hak, 1972), morphology (Bondarko, 1971; Bulygina, 1980), and syntax 
(Zolotova, 1982) penetrate deeper into such complex theoretical issues as the interaction of grammatical means, 
vocabulary and context, the definition of patterns of functioning of language units at different levels in the process of 
communication. 
Modern functional linguistics studies ―the plan of content as the main component of a language in its various functional 
links with the plane of expression, with a system of language forms and categories‖ (7,19). However, the functional-
grammatical study of language is not something fundamentally new in linguistics: this trend has a significant tradition. 
The functional aspects of the grammar were covered in the works of K.S. Aksakova, A.A. Potebni, I.A. Baudouin de 
Courtenay, A.A. Shakhmatova, V.Vinogradova, L.V. Scherby, in foreign linguistics - the work of O. Jespersen, F. 
Bruno, R. Jacobson and others. 
In Soviet linguistics, the teachings of L.V. Scherby on ―active‖ and ―passive‖ grammar were of great importance for the 
development of the theoretical foundations of functional grammar. ―Passive grammar studies the functions, meanings of 
the line elements of a given language, based on their forms, i.e. from their external side ‖, and― In active grammar it is 
necessary to proceed from the needs, looking for expressions of thought, orders, desires, etc. ‖(30, 333-336). From the 
statements of L.V. Scherba it follows that the passive grammar includes only the formal features of words and the 
corresponding meanings, and the active grammar shows how this or that thought is expressed; the presence or absence 
of synonymous forms of expression of this thought, the scope of its use of existing forms, the form of its expression 
necessary for a given case (grammatical or lexical), the way of formation of a form necessary in this case (grammatical 
or lexical). Active grammar involves the description of phenomena in the direction from grammatical meaning to 

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grammatical form, which is necessary for learning productive types of speech activity. In contrast to the above-
mentioned researchers, whose works consider the functional description of individual language levels, modern trends in 
linguistics solve the fundamental problems of interaction of different-level elements of a language when generating a 
utterance, determine the dependence of the functioning of the language system on the goals and conditions of 
communication. 
Currently, a number of researchers are paying attention to the functional aspect of grammar (AV Bondarko, GA 
Zolotova, MV Vsevolodova, NA Slyusareva, and others). 
The great contribution to the development of the functional-semantic direction was made by A. B. Bondarko. The 
works of A.V. Bondarko are devoted to the study of morphological categories and their functioning in the grammatical 
systems of the studied languages. This direction identifies two types of functional fields: functional-semantic fields with 
a morphological core, which are identical to functional-semantic categories such as temporality, modality, voice, 
personality, aspectuality, etc., and fields with functional-semantic invariant, pronounced language means only one level, 
these are elementary grammar and lexical fields. In the interrelation of the functional-semantic and grammatical fields, 
one should not see the opposition of the universal-logical to the linguistic, but their linguistic unity. The differences 
between these fields are expressed in the following: the grammatical field refers to one side of the language - to the 
grammatical, to the same language level, and the functional-semantic field covers a wider language sphere, which 
includes both grammatical categories and related functional-semantic common elements belonging to different levels. 
Morphological categories are considered in the complexes of multi-level linguistic phenomena, on the basis of the 
interaction of which separate sections (fields) of the semantic language system are formed. The criterion for the 
selection of such functional semantic fields is the general purpose of units of different levels of language (morphology, 
syntax, word formation, vocabulary) to express certain meanings. According to this field theory, morphological 
categories are represented in complexes of heterogeneous in form, but identical or similar in function, linguist ic units, 
as well as in interrelation and interaction with various elements of the context involved in the transmission of one or 
another semantic relationship. 
Field theory is also of great importance for the methods of teaching languages, since it makes it possible to rationally 
and effectively solve the question of the presentation of linguistic material taking into account the functional load of 
multi-level means involved in the expression of a certain semantic content. Functional-semantic fields allow to combine 
in a unified system heterogeneous language units, which are assimilated in isolation in the traditional description. ―A 
functional-semantic field is a two-sided (content-formal) unity formed by the grammatical (morphological and 
syntactic) means of a given language, together with the lexical, lexical-grammatical and word-formative elements 
associated with the same semantic zone‖ (8, 40 ). The main feature of the functional-semantic field (FSP) is the 
presence of multi-level language units, united in this grouping, of common, invariant semantic functions. Thus, the FSP 
appears as a sphere of functional interaction of grammatical and non-grammatical means of the language, while the 
grammatical center of the FSP is a morphological category, the meaning of which is the most powerful element 
determining the dominant semantics of this field. 
Consider as an example FSP aspectuality. A.V. Bondarko represents aspectuality as FSP, established by interacting 
linguistic means (morphological, syntactic, word-formation, lexical-grammatical, lexical and their various 
combinations), united by common semantic functions belonging to the field of aspectual relations, i.e. relations, the 
content of which is the transfer of the nature of the flow and distribution of actions in time. The main components of the 
aspectuality field are as follows: a) The grammatical category of the species is the core of the field; b) species 
formations and their groupings, characterized by incomplete grammaticalization (limited coverage of the verb 
vocabulary and grammatical forms of the verb, lack of regularity); c) species elements of forms with a temporal value 
(or with a temporal value, complicated by additional aspect elements); d) combinations with ―phase‖ verbs (with the 
meaning of the beginning, continuation and end of the action) and other analytical constructions, sometimes closely 
adjacent to the analytical forms; e) syntactic means with additional aspectual functions (for example, constructions like 
"the more ... - the stronger ..."; e) methods of action; g) the opposition of limiting / unsaturated verbs; h) lexical 
adverbial indicators of the type of a long, instantly, gradually, slowly, often, suddenly; i) various combined means of the 
aspectual context, including those related to the ―hidden grammar‖ field. 
Thus, the functional-semantic description of a language is based on the concept of the FSP, whose components are 
language categories, classes and units with their language values associated with specific means of formal expression in 
a given language. Relations between components, their interaction are also specific linguistic phenomena, for example, 
the dependence of the species correlation / inconsistency of the verb on the mode of action, etc. 

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The specificity of this study, according to A.V. Bondarko, is manifested in its primary focus on the disclosure of the 
patterns of interaction of grammatical units, vocabulary and context, the system of functioning of language means that 
serve to convey the meaning of the statement. A grammar that studies and describes the functions of units of the 
language system and patterns of functioning of these units in interaction with multi-level elements of the environment, 
considers in a unified system means relating to different language levels, but combined on the basis of the commonality 
of their semantic functions, is defined as a functional grammar. In functional and grammatical research, functions 
naturally come to the fore. For example, A.V. Bondarko in her works proceeds from the fact that ―the function of a 
language unit is its ability in the language system to fulfill a certain purpose and to function accordingly in speech; 
however, the function is the result of functioning, i.e. realized purpose achieved in speech goal "(10, 8). Considering the 
functions of units of language, A.V. Bondarko notes first of all the fact that the functions of language units are 
heterogeneous in nature. This depends on the nature of the intrasystemic connections of linguistic units and the relation 
of the system of the language as a whole to extra-linguistic reality. In this connection, structural and semantic functions 
are distinguished. Semantic functions "... are distinguished by a pronounced focus on extra-linguistic goals - to the 
meanings that need to be conveyed and perceived in the process of communication." (10, 32). Structural functions are 
aimed at the system-structural organization of language elements. These functions are related to the form of expression 
of the meaning, but not directly to the meaning itself, for example: coordination functions, structural functions of 
communication facilities in a complex sentence. 
Consequently, semantic and structural functions are heterogeneous, since the first functions reflect non-linguistic goals, 
and structural ones cover intra-language links. However, both the semantic and structural functions serve to implement 
the main function of the language - the communicative one, contributing to the design of thought in the process of 
communication. 
It should be noted that the concept of semantic function and the meaning of form come closer to each other, but are not 
identical. Speaking about the relationship between function and meaning, Bondarko notes that the functions of 
grammatical forms should be distinguished from the meaning: ―Value is the language content of a form, its systemically 
significant internal property (the form itself, as is known, is distinguished primarily on the basis of its categorical 
meaning); meanings of grammatical forms refer to the content side of the language and are included in the concept of 
language structure. As for the function, its implementation in speech may represent the goal of using one or another 
means or a complex of means beyond the limits of the language ‖(10, 31-32). 
It follows from the above that with such an understanding of the function and meaning, the main attention is paid to the 
description of linguistic phenomena, which will reflect their role, significance in the construction of the speech work, 
and not formal language properties. Thus, meaning is related to the relation of the form and content of a language unit 
and what it denotes. This concept is included in the theory of linguistic sign. The function is primarily related to the 
dynamic aspect of the language system, i.e. with the laws and rules of the functioning of units of language in speech. 
Such a description of a language, revealing the meaning of a language unit in close connection with its function in 
speech, can legitimately be defined as functional-semantic. 
The description of the language system for educational purposes should be operational, which creates not only the basis 
for obtaining knowledge of the language being studied, but also covers the essential aspects of activity in this language. 
In connection with this, the reference to the functional-semantic description of the facts of a language, in our opinion, 
allows us to more fully present the system-language and functional-speech features of a particular semantic category 
adequately to the tasks of developing language and communicative competence of students. 
Achievements in the field of functional-semantic research provide a promising opportunity for its methodical 
application in the theory and practice of teaching Russian (as non-native, foreign). The implementation of the 
functional-semantic aspect of grammar in the practice of teaching Russian as a non-native creates the opportunity to 
introduce and activate grammatical material in speech, organized taking into account the functional-semantic generality 
of the corresponding grammatical tools that serve to express certain classes of concepts and concepts. Awareness of the 
semantic and functional significance of the studied grammatical forms and categories, the patterns of their use in speech 
is the most important prerequisite for the successful formation and improvement of students' speech skills. 

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