j
-th closed circuit will change and it can be determined by the
formula (2.3) [8]:
(2.3)
where
P
i
is the number of kinematic pairs of the
i
-th class of a closed circuit;
m
– an indicator indicating the type of kinematic pairs:
The negative value of
S
j
indicates that there are superfluous motions of the
closed circuit:
h
j
= –
S
j
180
Extra mobility is the ability of the link to rotate around its longitudinal axis
or several links around their common (group) axis of rotation without affecting
the functionality of the mechanism. The presence of excessive contour links or
excess mobilities in the structural scheme of the mechanism indicates that the
mechanism has a structural redundancy.
The number of excess contour links or excess mobilities (structural redun-
dancy) of the entire mechanism is determined by the formula:
(2.4)
where
K
is the number of closed circuits of the mechanism:
(2.5)
The closed contours considered must be independent; those differ from each
other by a set of links and kinematic pairs. When designing, it is necessary
to strive to reduce structural redundancy. At the same time, this can lead to
deterioration of the quality of the mechanism.
It should be noted that the structural scheme of the mechanism may have
excess links and kinematic pairs, not influencing on functional transformation
of the system, but they affect on quality of work of the mechanism. Such a
mechanism has structural redundancy. When designing it is also necessary
strive to reduce it.
Thus, the number of degrees of mobility of the mechanism follows deter-
mine from the formula (2.6) [8]:
(2.6)
where
Z
j
is the number of excess links of the
j
-th closed circuit, not affecting
the functional motion of the output links;
P
i
is the number of pairs of the
i
-th
class of the entire mechanism.
The number of degrees of mobility of the mechanism indicates which
number of controllable generalized coordinates must be set to bring the mecha-
nism into a controlled movement. Formulas (2.3) and (2.6) are applicable both
for spatial, and for flat closed mechanisms, as well as for non-closed lever
mechanisms with local closed circuits.
The number of degrees of mobility of flat mechanisms with excess links can
be determined by the formula:
(2.7)
181
where number 4 refers to higher kinematic pairs (2 nd and 1 st classes), the
number 5 is to the lower kinematic pairs (5th, 4th and 3rd classes).
We carry out a structural analysis of the mechanism of the gripping device
of the robot (Figure 2.1, a). The mechanism consists of cam 1, two rollers 2
and 3, output links 4 and 5 and rigidly fastened with them working elements 6
and 7.
When the cam 1 is moved, the rollers 2 and 3 roll over it and the output
links 4 and 5 together with the working elements 6 and 7 are rotated
Figure 2.1 – Mechanism of robot gripping devices
Thus, the mechanism consists of five moving links, five pairs of the fifth
class and two pairs of the second class.
Let us determine the number of closed circuits:
(2.8)
We calculate the number of excessive circuits links:
for primary circuit A
5
B
2
C
5
D
5
(2.9)
182
for secondary circuit
A
5
В
2
’,C
5
’D
5
’
S
2
= 3 – (4 – 2) ×1 = 1.
We find the number of excess links of each closed circuit not affecting the
functional movements of the working elements of gripping device. These ele-
ments are rollers 2 and 3, since they have no effect on the movement of working
elements. They only replace sliding friction by rolling friction, i.e. improve the
process of interaction between the cam and pusher.
We calculate the number of degrees of mobility of the mechanism:
or by the formula for flat mechanisms:
Thus, the gripper mechanism of the robot consists from one degree of
mobility of A
5
, four kinematic pairs of five-th class C
5
, C
5
’ D
5
, D
5
’ and two
kinematic pairs of the second class B
2
and B
2
‘. To set it in motion, you must
specify one controlled generalized coordinate, i.e. install one linear motion
drive in pair A
5
. Eliminate the excess links from the circuit (Figure 2.1, б). In
this case, the mobile links will be three, pairs of the fifth class - three, pairs of
the second class – two, redundant links – zero.
Number of closed circuits:
К = 5 – 3 = 2.
Number of redundant circuit links:
S
1
= 3 – (4 – 2) ×1 = 1;
S
2
= 3 – ( 4 – 2 ) ×l = l.
Number of degrees of mobility of the mechanism:
W = 6×3 – 2×2 – 5×3 + 1 + 1 = 1.
For elimination redundant links, you must lower the class of some kinematic
pairs. We replace the cylindrical pairs B
2
and B
2
‘ of the second class to spherical
pairs of the first class B
1
and B
1
’ (Fig. 2.1, в). In this case, the scheme becomes
the basic structural scheme. The number of closed circuits remains the same.
Number of redundant circuits links:
S
1
= 3 – ( 4 – 1 ) ×1= 0;
$
2
= 3
– (4 – 1) ×1 = 0.
Number of degrees of mobility of the mechanism:
W= 6×3 – 1×2 – 5×3 = 1.
Therefore, to carry out a controlled movement of working eliments, you
must specify one managed generalized
coordinate – linear
movement of the
183
cam 1, i.e. install one drive unit. You can save rollers 2 and 3, but execute them
in spherical form, i.e., pairs B
2
and В
2
’ (see Figure 2.1,а) are replaced by pairs
B
1
and B
1
‘ (Figure 2.1, г).
Then the number of redundant circuits will become:
for primary circuit A
5
B
1
C
5
D
5
S
1
= 3 – (4 – 1) ×1 = 0;
for secondary circuit
As’Bi’Cs’Ds’
$
2
= 3
– (4 – 1) ×1 = 0.
Number of degrees of mobility:
W = 6×5 – 1×2 – 5×5 – 2 = 1.
Thus, the quality of the interaction of the cam 1 with the output links 4 and
5 will increase, but the scheme becomes not the basic one, i.e. there are two
superfluous links – rollers 2 and 3. To bring the mechanism into a controlled
movement, it is necessary to set one controlled generalized c
oordinate – linear
movement of the cam 1.
Figure 2.2 – Mechatronic robot brush module
Fig. 2.2 represents the mechatronic module of a robot brush consisting of
three moving links, one kinematic pair of second class and three kinematic
pairs of the fifth class.
Number of closed circuits of the module:
К = 4 – 3 = 1.
Number of redundant circuits links:
$ = 3 – (4 – 2) ×1 = 1.
Number of degrees of mobility:
W = 6×3 – 2×1 – 5×3 + 1 = 2.
To eliminate redundant links, it is necessary to replace the kinematic pair of
the second class C
2
by a kinematic pair of the first class C
1
. Then the number of
excess circuits links of the mechanism will be equal to:
S = 3 – (4 – 1) = 0;
The number of degrees of mobility of the mechatronic module has not
changed:
W = 6×3 – 1×1 – 5×3 = 2.
184
Thus, eliminating excess circuits links and superfluous mobilities is a
multivariate process. Methodology of structural analysis of mechatronic mecha-
nisms modules allows kinematic pairs and degrees of mobility on structural
and kinematic schemes should be depicted in such a way that it was easy to
distinguish where the kinematic pair is located, and where is the degree
of mobility. It makes it possible to determine the number excess links and
superfluous mobilities of each closed circuit of mechanism, as well as the num-
ber of degrees of mobility of the entire mechanism, which allows us to design
rational mechanisms that ensure a higher quality of their functioning.
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