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(3) … … … … … that indi- viduals and corporations could also suffer when their particular skills or products (4)
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Английский язык - Технологии и инновации (1)
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… … … … … that indi- viduals and corporations could also suffer when their particular skills or products (4) … … … … … by the market. American economist and Professor Clayton M. Christensen coined the term disruptive technology (later disruptive innovation) to describe innova- tions that (5) … … … … … in ways that disrupt an existing market. The disruptive innovation often has characteristics that the traditional customer base does not care about, and may even be inferior compared to existing 33 products, but will appeal to a different set of customers with different priori- ties. The innovation is (6) … … … … … not to the consumer (who, at least at first, has the choice to buy either the existing or innovative product) but to businesses that may be doing a good job supplying an existing product and yet see their market disappear as the new technology (7) … … … … … . One example of a disruptive innovation is down- loadable music files that offer the convenience of buying music online and playing it from one’s computer, as well as the ability to purchase individual songs. This appealed first to young people who were quite comfortable with computers and MP3 players (versus older consumers more used to fixed stereo systems and the concept of songs collected into albums) and severely cut into the market for compact discs. Cooperation between manufacturers and other institutions such as uni- versities can (8) … … … … … . In his work Biotechnology: The Universi- ty-Industrial Complex (1986), American sociologist Martin Kenney coined the term university-industrial complex to describe, in the biotechnology in- dustry, the flow of resources among universities (which provide knowledge and skilled labor), multinational corporations (that produce products), and venture capital firms (that provide financing to both research and produc- tion). He noted that university-employed scientists (9) … … … … … that formed the basis of the biotech industry, that scientists often move between employment in academia and the corporate sector, and that many university graduate programs have been created or enlarged specifically to train stu- dents for the biotech industry. Development of the biotech industry was facilitated in large part (10) … … … … … , which rewarded innova- tion while also facilitating the creation of well-equipped research labs at universities as well as within corporations. Other sciences have also fol- lowed the biotechnology model, with close relationships between the uni- versity and corporations becoming the norm, such that many universities now have “technology transfer” offices to facilitate the process. Read more: https://www.britannica.com/topic/innovation-creativity#toc315056 жүктеу/скачать 2,39 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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