Министерство науки и высшего образования республики казахстан
«СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ХИМИИ И ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ»
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XXI ҒАСЫРДАҒЫ ХИМИЯ ЖӘНЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯНЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ЖЕТІСТІКТЕРІ МЕН ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛАРЫ-ХИМИЯ-2023-06-05 14 54 57pm
| «СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ХИМИИ И ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ»
«XXI ҒАСЫРДАҒЫ ХИМИЯ ЖӘ НЕ ХИМИЯЛЫҚ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯНЫҢ ЗАМАНАУИ ЖЕТІСТІКТЕРІ МЕН ТЕНДЕНЦИЯЛА РЫ» hot piston bottom or an intake valve, vortex swirling of a suspension in a cylinder (droplets settle on hot cylinder walls due to centrifugal forces and evaporate quickly there), the use of boosting chambers and grids (the so-called pre-chamber engines), etc. P. Thus, the design of the engine affects the environmental friendliness of the exhaust much more than the brand of gasoline [1]. However, in the case of equal conditions, the more the fuel is compressed in the engine at the beginning of the cycle, the more completely it burns out, and the maximum compression ratio directly depends on the brand of fuel (the higher the octane number, the stronger compression is possible). It is possible to improve the quality of automobile gasoline in the following ways: refusal to use lead compounds that are harmful to both the engine and maintenance personnel; reducing the sulfur content in gasoline to 0.05 %, and in the future to 0.003 %; reducing the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline to 45 %, and in the future - up to 35 %; rationing the concentration of actual resins in gasoline at the place of use at a level not exceeding 5 mg per 100 cm³; division of gasoline by fractional composition and saturated vapor pressure into 8 classes, taking into account the season of operation of vehicles and the ambient temperature characteristic of a particular climatic zone. The presence of classes allows the production of gasoline with properties that are optimal for real ambient temperatures, which ensures the operation of engines without the formation of vapor locks at air temperatures up to + 60 ° C, and also guarantees high volatility of gasoline and easy engine start at temperatures below – 35 ° C; the introduction of detergent additives that prevent contamination and gumming of fuel equipment parts [2]. The main brands of motor gasoline according to GOST 32513-2013: AI-80 - with a research octane number of at least 80, AI-92 – with a research octane number of at least 92; for engines with a compression ratio up to 10.5. AI-95 - with an octane rating of at least 95 according to the research method; for engines with a compression ratio of 10.5-12. AI- 98 - with an octane rating of at least 98 according to the research method; for engines with a compression ratio of 12-14. AI-100, 101, 102 - with an octane number according to the research method, respectively, not less than 100, 101, 102. Produced according to ST. It is completely optional to argue about whether special additives to gasoline are harmful or useful, a list of additives allowed, and therefore safe for a car, can be found in the regulations of the Customs Union TR CU 013/2011. According to the information in the document, gasoline cannot contain compounds such as iron, lead and manganese already at the production stage. It is reasonable to apply the same condition to the choice of additives for pouring into gasoline directly in the car tank on your own [2]. You should be wary of the presence of monomethylanilines (N-methylaniline), despite the fact that this particular chemical compound is the most popular for improving the antiknock properties of gasoline. The octane number of such an additive is 280 (according to the research method), but the optimism of car owners noticeably fades when studying the negative effect of N-methylaniline on the composition of gasoline. Insufficiently uniform dissolution of any such additive in gasoline over time leads to the formation of resinous compounds and increased load, wear of engine components and parts. TR CU 013/2011 declares additives based on tert-butyl methyl ethers, MTBE, as friendlier to gasoline and the engine. The compounds show an octane number of 115-135 according to the research method, and are non-toxic, while contributing to the uniformity of fuel combustion, reducing the risk of corrosion [2]. The research octane number and the motor octane number differ by several values depending on the research method and brand of gasoline. The octane number according to the research method according to GOST AI 92 differs by 12 units from TR TS, AI 95 by 15 and AI 98 by 18 units. When using additives and additives, information on their actual content must be indicated in the product passport for gasoline. Gasoline should not contain metal-containing additives such as lead, manganese and iron. Gasoline and other manufactured products may contain additives, but they must not harm the life and health of citizens, the environment, the property of individuals and legal entities, the life and health of animals and plants. The use of environmentally friendly modified fuels in motor vehicles, along with the improvement of the design and working process of engines, will ensure the minimum amount of toxic substances in exhaust gases. People can be exposed to gasoline in the workplace through ingestion, inhalation of fumes, skin and eye contact. Gasoline is toxic. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has also recognized gasoline as a carcinogen [3]. Of great importance for the performance properties of gasoline is directly the temperature range from the beginning of the boiling of its lightest fractions to the end of the boiling of the heaviest. The narrower |