C.
Activities
I.
Think and say a few words about:
1.
The Big Bang and subatomic world;
2.
Distinct particle types known in nature
3.
Protons and neutrons, their present and future.
II.
Prepare a short report about the most important discoveries in the field
of physics and their role in the science development
.
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Text 3. Work, energy and power
«Instrumental or mechanical science is the
noblest and, above all others, the most useful»
Leonardo da Vinci
PRE-READING
Answer the following questions:
1)
What do you know about energy?
2)
Tell everything you know about the forms of energy.
Active vocabulary
Word
Pronunciation
Translation
application, n. /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/
применение
bond, n.
/bɒnd/
узы, связь, syn. link
calculate, v.
/ˈkælkjəleɪt/
вычислять, исчислять,
высчитывать, syn. compute, figure
out
define, v.
/dɪˈfaɪn/
определять, устанавливать, syn.
determine, identify
energy, n.
/ˈenədʒi/
энергия
equal, adj.
/ˈiːkwəl/
равный
fission, n.
/ˈfɪʃən/
деление, расщепление
fusion, n.
/ˈfjuːʒən/
сплав, слияние
heat, n.
/hiːt/
жара, тепло
height, n.
/haɪt/
высота
kinetic, adj.
/kɪˈnet.ɪk/
кинетическая
lift, v.
/lɪft/
поднимать, syn. elevate, raise
measure, v.
/ˈmeʒər/
измерять
potential, adj.
/pəˈtenʃəl/
потенциальная
power, n.
/paʊər/
мощность
shelf, n.
/ʃelf/
полка
solar, adj.
/ˈsəʊlər/
солнечный
still, adj.
/stɪl/
неподвижный, спокойный,
syn. fixed, motionless, rigid
stored, adj.
/stɔːd/
накопленный, запасенный
23
split, v.
/splɪt/
раскалывать(ся), разделять(ся),
делить(ся), syn. dispart, divide
transfer, v.
/trænsˈfɜːr/
передавать, перемещать,
переносить
wave, n.
/weɪv/
волна
work, v.
/wɜːk/
работа
READING
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary:
Work can be defined as transfer of energy. In physics we say that work
is done on an object when you transfer energy to that object. If one object
gives energy to a second object, then the first object does work on the
second object. Work is the application of a force over a distance (W= Fxd).
Lifting a weight from the ground and putting it on a shelf is a good example
of work. The force is equal to the weight of the object, and the distance is
equal to the height of the shelf. Work-Energy principle states that the
change in the kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net work done on
the object.
Energy (E) can be defined as the capacity for doing work. The simplest
case of mechanical work is when an object is standing still and we force it
to move. The energy of a moving object is called kinetic energy. For an
object of mass m, moving with velocity of magnitude v, this energy can be
calculated from the following formula E= 1/2 mv^2.
There are two types of energy. The first is Kinetic Energy or Energy of
Motion, the second is Potential Energy or Stored Energy. The forms of
energy are:
Solar Radiation: infrared heat, radio waves, gamma rays, microwaves,
ultraviolet light
Atomic/Nuclear Energy - energy released in nuclear reactions. When
a neutron splits an atom's nucleus into smaller pieces it is called
fission. When two nuclei are joined together under millions of degrees
of heat it is called fusion.
Electrical Energy is the generation or use of electric power over a
period of time expressed in kilowatt-hours (kWh), megawatt-hours
(NM) or gigawatt-hours (GWh).
Chemical energy is a form of potential energy related to the breaking
and forming of chemical bonds. It is stored in food, fuels and
24
batteries, and is released as other forms of energy during chemical
reactions.
Mechanical Energy - energy of the moving parts of a machine. Also
refers to movements in humans.
Heat Energy is a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in
temperature.
Special attention should be paid at the definition of the word «power».
Power is the work done in a unit of time. In other words, power is a
measure of how quickly work can be done. The unit of power is the Watt =
1 Joule/ 1 second. One common unit of energy is the kilowatt-hour (kWh).
If we are using one kW of power, a kWh of energy will last one hour.
To calculate Work, we use the equation W=Fd, where F - force, d -
distance. Because energy is the capacity to do work, we measure energy and
work in the same units (N*m or joules). Power (P) is the rate of energy
generation (or absorption) over time: P = E/t, where E - energy, t - time.
Power's SI unit of measurement is the Watt, representing the generation or
absorption of energy at the rate of 1 Joule/sec. Power's unit of measurement
in the English system is the horsepower, which is equivalent to 735.7 Watts.
(Adopted from
www.physics.com
)
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