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The ways of vocabulary development
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- Бұл бет үшін навигация:
- Specialization
- Elevation
| The ways of vocabulary development
A word-meaning is liable to change in the course of the development of the language. Changes of meaning may be illustrated by diachronic semantic analysis of many English words. The word “glad” ( O.E. glaed) had the meaning of “ bright shining”. The causes of the semantic change the results of the process of the change of meaning are closely bound up, but the different aspects of one and the same problem. It’s necessary to find WHY the word changes its meaning, if we want to discuss the causes of semantic change. Analyzing the nature of semantic change, we seek to follow the process of this change and describe HOW changes are broad. Investigating the results of semantic change, we find out WHAT is changed. The causes of semantic change can be extra-linguistic and linguistic, e.g. the change of the lexical meaning of the noun: “pen” comes back to the Latin word “ penna” ( a feather of a bird). As people wrote with goose pens the name was transferred to steel pens which were later on used for writing. Still later any instrument for writing was called “pen”. On the other hand, causes can be linguistic, e.g. the conflict of synonyms when a perfect synonym of native word is borrowed from some other language, one of them may specialize in its meaning, e.g. the noun “tide” in O.E. was polysemantic and denoted “ time” , “season” , “hour”, when the French words “ time” , “season”, “hour”, were borrowed into English they ousted the word ‘tide” in these meanings. It was specialized and now means ‘regular” rise and fall of the sea caused by attraction of the moon”. The meaning of the word can also change due to ellipsis e.g. the word-group” a train of carriages” had the meaning of “ a row of carriages”, later on “ of carriages” was dropped and the noun “train” changed its meaning, it is used now in the function and with the meaning of the whole word-group. Semantic changes have been classified by different scientists. The most complete classification was suggested by a German scientist Herman Paul. It is based on logical principle. He distinguishes two main ways where the semantic change is/ gradual ( specialization, generalization), two momentary ( metaphor and metonymy). SECONDARY WAYS gradual momentary elevation degradation hyperbole litote. Specialization- a gradual process when a word passes from a general sphere to some special sphere of communication, e.g. “ case” has a general meaning “ circumstances in which a person or a thing is “ It is specialized in its meaning when used in law ( a law suit) , in grammar ( a form in the paradigm of a noun), in medicine( a patient, illness). Generalization – a process contrary to specialization, a word becomes more general in the course of time. The transfer from a concrete meaning to an abstract one is more frequent (“camp” originally meant the place where troops are lodged in tents and now denotes “ temporary quarters”) . Elevation – a semantic meaning when it becomes better in the course of time, e.g.” knight originally meant ‘a boy’ , then ‘ a young servant’, then ‘a noble man’. Degradation - a semantic shift when it becomes worse in the course of time. It is usually connected with nouns denoting common people( “villain’ originally meant” working on a villa’, now it means “ a scoundrel”). Hyperbole –an exaggerated statement which express an emotional attitude of the speaker to what he is speaking about. ( I’ve told you times). It is often used to form phraseological units, e.g. “to make a mountain out a molehill” , “ to split hairs”, etc. жүктеу/скачать 1,54 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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