(TO UNITS SEVEN — NINE)
The Infinitive
Ex. 85, p. 483
1. The Perfect Active Infinitive is used in the second sentence. The perfect form
is used because the action of the infinitive precedes that of the predicate verb in the
first sentence. 2. The Continuous Active Infinitive is used to emphasize the idea of
the duration of the action simultaneous with the predicate verb. 3. The infinitive is
used in its simple form because it expresses an action following the predicate verb.
The passive form is chosen because the action is directed not from but to the subject
of the sentence. 4. The action of the infinitive is prior to that of the predicate verb
which though not mentioned can be easily guessed at: I am glad... Hence the use of
the Perfect Infinitive. 5. The Continuous Infinitive serves merely to make the
statement more expressive. One might just as well have used the Simple Infinitive in
this sentence. 6. Priority of action: the action of the infinitive is prior to that of the
predicate verb, therefore the Perfect Infinitive is used. It is passive because its action
is directed not from but towards the subject of the sentence. 7. The action of the finite
verb (are) and the infinitive (to be taken) are simultaneous, so the Simple Infinitive is
used. It is passive because the action is directed not from but towards the subject. 8.
The perfect continuous form of the infinitive is used to show the priority and to
express the duration of the action. 9. The Simple Active Infinitive (to take off) is
used because its action follows that of the finite verb (told) and the other infinitive
used in the sentence (be heard) is in the simple form because it is used in a
subordinate clause of purpose. The passive form shows that the subject (footsteps)
was the object of the action and not its doer. 10. The action of the infinitive is prior to
that of the finite verb, hence the use the Perfect Infinitive. 11. The action of the
infinitive follows that of the finite verb, so the Simple Infinitive is used. The
infinitive is part of a Complex Object. 12. The Perfect Continuous Active Infinitive
is used to show that its action began in the past and instill in progress at the moment
of speaking. 13. The Continuous Active Infinitive is used to show that the action,
expressed by it, is going on at the moment of speaking. 14. The Perfect Active
Infinitives are used to express prior actions. The finite verb can be found in the wider
context from which the sentence has been taken. 15. The infinitives are used in the
simple form because their action is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. The first
infinitive (to be done) is passive because its action is directed to its subject. The
second infinitive is active because its action is directed from the subject of the whole
sentence which though not mentioned in it can be found in the wider context from
which the sentence is taken.
Ex. 86, p. 483
to have been done — to do, to be doing, to have done, to have
been doing, to be done to be spoken to — to speak to, to be speaking to, to have
spoken
to, to have been speaking to, to have been spoken to to curl — to be curling, to
have curled, to have been curling,
to be curled, to have been curled to be breaking — to break, to have broken, to
have been
breaking, to be broken, to have been broken to have nodded — to nod, to be
nodding, to have nodded, to
have been nodding to drive — to be driving, to have driven, to have been driving,
to be driven, to have been driven
- to be ruined — to ruin, to be ruining, to have ruined, to have i been ruining, to
have been ruined
- to be rubbing — to rub, to have rubbed, to have been rubbing,
to be rubbed, to have been rubbed
to land — to be landing, to have landed, to have been landing,
to be landed, to have been landed to turn — to be turning, to have turned, to
have been turning,
to be turned, to have been turned to have been sleeping — to sleep, to be
sleeping, to have slept
to be got — to get, to be getting, to have got, to have been
getting, to have been got to be running — to run, to have run, to have been
running to have been read — to read, to be reading, to have been
reading, to be read to be said — to say, to be saying, to have said, to have been
saying, to have been said to arrive — to be arriving, to have arrived, to have
been arriving
to be telling — to tell, to have told, to have been telling, to be told, to have
been told
Ex. 87, p. 483
1. I'm so dreadfully sorry to have bothered/to be bothering you in this stupid way.
2. He kept late hours last night, he may still be sleeping. 3. "She must have been very
beautiful years ago," Maren thought. 4. It's a secret, and no one else must be told. 5.
Goodbye. So pleased to have met you. 6. He's a talented engineer. He's supposed to
be working at a new invention. 7. Oh, my Margaret, my daughter. You should never
have gone. It was all your father's fault. 8. She seems to have been working at her
project since spring and says she has still a lot to do. 9. I've just seen him passing the
entrance door, so he can't be working at the laboratory as you say. 10. The next
morning he seemed to have forgotten it all. 11. It ought to have been done long ago;
at least before their leaving Blackstable. 12. She seemed at times to be seized with an
uncontrolled irritation and would say sharp and wounding things. 13. You probably
think that I must have lived a very gay life in France, but it wasn't so. 14. No words
can describe it: it must be seen.
Ex. 88, p. 484
1. Maggie was sorry not to have warned her parents that she would be delayed. 2.
I was glad to have seen another play by Ostrovsky. 3. The children were happy to
have been taken to the circus. 4. This waltz made him remember his youth. 5. I
would like this text to be recorded once more. 6. He can't be still sitting in the
reading hall. He must have already left. 7. She must be still staying at her friends'
country house. 8. Can/Could she have got angry with you? 9. I am very glad to have
seen them to the station. 10. I was so lucky/How lucky I was to see this performance!
11. Your next task is to carry out/to do this experiment in our laboratory. 12. Look at
him! He must be trying to solve some important problem. 13. They couldn't have
memorized my address. They have dropped in with my brother only once and purely
by chance. 14. This sad event shouldn't/ oughtn't to be mentioned in her presence. 15.
They seem to be waiting for the instructions necessary to perform this task.
Ex. 89, p. 484
1. The teacher made me repeat it all over again. 2. You needn't ask for
permission, I let you take my books whenever you like. 3. Will you help me (to)
move the table? 4. He is expected to arrive in a few days. 5. Xou seem to know these
places very well. 6. You had better make a note of it. 7. I heard the door open and
saw a shadow move across the floor. 8. He told me to try to do it once again. 9. I'd
rather walk a little before going to bed. 10. There is nothing to do but (/o) wait till
somebody comes to let us out. 11. You ought not to show your feelings. 12. Why not
wait a little longer? 13. I felt her shiver with cold. 14. We should love you to stay
with us. 15. You are not to mention this to anyone. 16. We got Mother to cut up some
sandwiches. 17. Rose wanted them to stop laughing, wanted the curtain to come
down. 18. I'll have to go there. 19. There doesn't seem to be anything wrong with
you. 20. She helped me(fo) get over my fear. 21. Look here, Jane, why be so cross?
22. He was seen to make a note of it. 23. What made you deceive me? 24. He was not
able to explain anything.
Ex. 90, p. 485
1. Он не хотел смеяться тогда, да и теперь не имел такого желания. 2. Вы не
обязаны ничего говорить, если не хотите. 3. Майкл много знал, во всяком
случае так казалось. 4. «Давай-ка все это забудем, ладно?» — «Я рад все
забыть, спасибо.» 5. Всякий раз, когда ей говорили помалкивать, она так и
делала. 6. Это моя вина. Простите, я не хотел этого делать, это вышло
нечаянно. 7. Я знаю, что мне надо было прийти к тебе и рассказать об этом, но
я боялся. 8. «Я буду рад тебя видеть. Приходи в любое время ». — «Дорогой,
ты же знаешь, как сильно мне этого хочется. Но я не могу». 9. «Вы не должны
отсылать это письмо». — «Я непременно пошлю его авиапочтой из Порт-
Саида». 10. Я не мог сделать то, что хотел.
Ex. 91, р. 485 (possible variants)
1. They say you read a lot. — Not so much as I used to. 2. Why didn't you invite
them? — I simply didn't want to. 3. Will you write a letter to her ? — Yes, if you
wish me to. 4. Why can't you go with us? — I'm not allowed to. 5. I'm afraid you
can't come. — I suppose I'll have to./But I'll try to. 6. I see that you haven't bought
any oranges. — No, I forgot to. 7. You must take more care of it. — Yes, I ought to.
8. She says you are going to help her. — I suppose I'll have to. 9. Why didn't you
dance with him? — He didn't ask me to. 10. You didn't sign your test paper. — I
meant to, but I forgot.
Ex. 92, p. 486 (possible variants)
a) The infinitive as subject:
1. To punish the child for such a harmless prank would be unjust. 2. Just to look
at her pretty, bright face was very pleasant. 3. To fire him immediately is the only
thing to do. 4. To learn this dialogue by heart and dramatize it would be much more
useful. 5. To decide which of them is right is not an easy matter.
b) The infinitive as predicative:
1. My hobby is to collect coins/stamps/matchboxes/old postcards. 2. The best
way to master a foreign language is to learn the basics at home and then go to a
country where this language is spoken, stay there for at least a couple of months and
get as much practice as possible. 3. The next thing to be done is to find a good, well-
paid job. 4. Our aim was to cheat him out of his money. 5. To say so means to
demonstrate your complete lack of confidence. 6. His only wish is to get home as fast
as possible.
c) The infinitive as object:
1. He asked to come with us./He asked us to take him along. 2. In the
kindergarten children are taught to read and to count. 3 . I am so glad to be able to
help you. 4. We are so awfully sorry not to have warned you that we might not be
able to come to your party. 5. The doctor advised the patient to go on a diet of fruit,
vegetables and dairy products. 6. The child is afraid to speak English in your
presence because he is afraid of making mistakes. 7. I've clean forgotten to buy a
Christmas present for my mother- in-law. 8. Everybody promised not to miss classes
again, but very few kept their promises. 9. Would you like to have a glass of Bloody
Mary or do you prefer plain Scotch and soda? 10. Who has allowed you to let the cat
in? 11. Aunt Polly instructed Jim to take her straight to his mistress.
d) The infinitive as attribute:
1. He was always the first to wake up in the morning. 2. We have nothing to do
with all this. 3. This is a chance to take revenge on your old enemy/to get hold of the
most gorgeous guy in town. 4. Benny has no friends to play with, poor boy. 5. He is
not a man to be trusted. 6. She fhade an attempt to make it up with her boyfriend but
failed. 7. Is there anybody to shut the bloody door?
8.
He always finds something to do. 9. This is the information to convince my boss
that I was right to refuse that offer. 10. He spoke of his wish to become as great a
magician as David Copperfield and maybe even greater.
e) The infinitive as adverbial modifier of purpose:
1. He came immediately to stand/go bail for his son. 2. We'll stay after the lecture
to ask the professor some questions. 3. They stopped to rest their horses. 4. Write
down this rule so as not to forget it. 5. I've opened the door to let the dog in. 6. He
stepped aside politely to let her pass. 7. To achieve success you must work hard. 10.
The boy ran out to meet his grandmother.
f) The infinitive as adverbial modifier of result:
1. She was too frightened to tell the truth. 2. The article is too difficult to translate.
3. The fence is high enough to keep intruders out. 4. The baby is too restless to take
him out for a walk. 5. The weather is warm enough to wear a hug-me-tight and
sandals. 6. We are too busy to take another order. 7. She was grown-up enough to
look after her little sister. 8. The night was too dark to make out the outlines of the
ships riding at anchor in the harbour.
Ex. 93, p. 487
1. There weren't many children in the neighbourhood to play with. 2. He fell
asleep with full determination to go and see for himself. 3. He is a man to be trusted.
4. We didn't know the way to the station, and there wasn't anyone to ask. 5. He was
the first person to come to the bar and the last to leave it. 6. It isn't a thing to joke
about. It's a serious matter. 7. He will always find something to laugh at. 8. They
decided that it was a nice little town to live in quietly for a while. 9. He's not a man
to be easily frightened. 10. There's nothing to discuss now. Everything is settled. 11.
He was the first man to guess what George was driving at. 12. No doubt it was the
best time to find them all at home. 13. A good housewife will always find something
to do about the house. 14. The old general wanted nothing but a grandson to dandle
on his knee.
Ex. 95, p. 487
1. This is a splendid opportunity/an excellent chance to make it up with them. 2.
I've got no one to turn to for advice. 3. Here's a fresh rose to stick in/to pin to your
hair. 4. It was an inconvenient time to have a break. 5. I doubt if there is anyone here
to talk to about this matter. 6. I was given a text to translate without using a
dictionary. 7. There's nothing to argue about. We are practically talking about one
and the same thing. 8. He is just the right man to fill the vacancy. 9. Here's the key to
open the desk drawer with. 10. To my mind the matter to be discussed at our meeting
is very important. 11. I can't see the duster to rub the blackboard clean. 12. It's just
the right book to read before going to sleep. 13. We are leaving tomorrow morning
and we still have plenty to do. 14. He was the first to answer. 15. There was no time
to lose, and Teleguin jumped out of the window onto the roof of the next house. 16.
There's nothing to think over, everything is very simple. 17. Although he wanted to
say something cheering, all he was able to do was (to) give a shy smile. 18. He
realized with regret that there was nothing to be done.
Ex. 96, p. 488
1. to be missed; 2. to catch; 3. to work; 4. to avoid; 5. to be drawn; 6. not to
forget; 7. not to be helped; 8. to find; 9. to see; 10. to forget; 11. to find; 12. to help
Translation
1. Я намеревался воспользоваться этим случаем, он был слишком хорош,
чтобы упустить его. 2. Выйдя из здания почты, я обнаружил, что было уже
слишком поздно, чтобы успеть на лондонский поезд/что уже не успею на
лондонский поезд. 3. Было слишком жарко, чтобы работать, и мы решили
сделать перерыв. 4. Диксон был достаточно умен, чтобы не говорить с Уэлчем
на эту тему. 5. Майкл полагал, что Джонни слишком молод, чтобы вовлекать
его в их религиозную общину. 6. Будучи женщиной в полном смысле слова,
она даже в этот критический момент не забыла напудрить нос. 7. Ему ничем
нельзя помочь. 8. Он повернулся к Маргарет и обнаружил, что она беседует с
Кэрол Голдсмит. 9. Он услышал громкий стук в парадную дверь, открыл ее и
увидел незнакомца в потрепанном плаще. 10. Ей нравилось быть доброй и
раздавать обещания, которые она тотчас же забывала. 11. Он быстро прошел в
ванную, а вернувшись, обнаружил, что Мэри сидит возле его кровати. 12.
Жаль, что я недостаточно силен, чтобы помочь тебе, мой мальчик.
Ex. 97, р. 488
1. It was too dark to see anything before him. 2. You are experienced enough to
know better. 3. He was too excited to utter a word. 4. He was too angry to speak to
me. 5. He knows too few English words to make himself understood. 6. She knows
English well enough to read Somerset Maugham in the original./She knows English
so well as to be able to read Somerset Maugham in the original. 7. Mr. Burton was so
cruel as to send a man to death. 8. The story "A Friend in Need" is too tragic to be
merely ironical. 9. The man was too down and out to get a decent job. 10. The man
was not strong enough to swim the distance. It was too late for anybody to save him.
Ex. 98, p. 489
1. He is clever enough to understand it. 2. The current was too strong for him to
swim around the beacon. 3. The story was too gripping/absorbing not to read it to the
end. 4. Her pronunciation was too correct to be natural. 5. He was so furious that one
word would have been enough to drive him mad. 6. I've looked through two chapters
to find only five suitable examples. 7. The next morning she woke up to find herself
alone in the house. 8. After a long travel he returned to realize that there is no place
like home. 9. He walked around/round/about all the rooms to find only the cat in the
kitchen. The flat was empty. 10. She opened the door of the study to see her father
walking up and down/to and fro/back and forth in a rage. 11. From time to time he
would wake up only to go back to sleep at once. 12. After a long absence she came
back home to find that nothing had changed: they had not forgiven her. 13. He
thought over the situation for the umpteenth time only to realize that there was no
way out. 14. She opened the door to find that everybody had already gathered and
was waiting for her.
Ex. 99, p. 489
1. Adverbial modifier of purpose. 2. to know is part of a compound verbal
predicate of double orientation and to worry about is an attribute. 3. Part of a
Complex Object. 4. Attribute. 5. to let is an object, and come is part of a Complex
Object. 6. come and get are parts of compound verbal modal predicates. 7. Part of a
Complex Object. 8. Subject. 9. An adverbial modifier of result. 10. to take is an
object and to help is an adverbial modifier of result. 11. Subject. 12. An adverbial
modifier of result. 13. Part of a compound verbal aspect predicate. 14. Attribute. 15.
to get is an attribute, and to study is a predicative. 16. get is part of a compound
verbal modal predicate and to do is an attribute. 17. Part of a compound verbal modal
predicate. 18. to stare is an attribute, and to concentrate is an object. 19. Subject. 20.
Attributes. 21. water and talk are parts of Complex Objects, and to hear is a subject.
Ex. 100, p. 490
1. She is pleasant to talk to. 2. The matter was too complicated to be discussed in
an hour. 3. I am glad to have learnt the truth. 4. You had better not annoy him with
your silly questions. 5. This question is too complicated for her to decide/settle it by
herself. 6. He isn't the kind of person to expect any help from. 7. It would be better to
persuade him to work than to force him. 8. We are very glad to have seen this
performance. 9. The children seem to have forgotten about this sad event. 10. You
should have warned me in advance. 11. I kept silent because I had nothing to say. 12.
They promised me to help prepare for the party. 13. His phone number is easy to
memorize. 14. This man must have been sitting here for about half an hour. Who
could he be waiting for? 15. Do you remember who was the first to enter the room?
16. He is hardly a/the man to give you the information that interests you. 17. We
pretended not to have noticed his mistake so as not to embarrass him. 18. The most
important thing is how to make her believe us and follow/listen to our advice.
Ex. 101, p. 490
1. The rule is not difficult to remember. 2. My grandfather's armchair is very
comfortable to sit in. 3. She is kind and easy to deal with. 4. He is difficult to
persuade. 5. This passage is not very easy to translate because it contains some
idiomatic expressions. 6. The girlis pleasant to look at but not at all pleasant to talk
to. 7. Their quarrel was unpleasant to watch. 8. His stories are always funny to listen
to. 9. Uncle Jack's advice was useful to follow. 10. This question is not so very easy
to answer.
Ex. 103, p. 491
Comments
1. me feel — Complex Object. 2. you to say — Complex Object.
3.
my father leave — Complex Object. 4. his door open — Complex Object. 5. us
sleep — Complex Object. 6. a chap spend — Complex Object. 7. it to be —
Complex Object. 8. him to come back — Complex Object. 9. somebody touch —
Complex Object.10. it to be done — Complex Object. 11. She ... to notice —
Complex Subject. 12. The number... to be — Complex Subject. 13. He ... to be —
Complex Subject. 14. Lady Franklin ... to expect — Complex Subject. 15. The boy ...
to repeat — Complex Subject. 16. Professor Lee... to join — Complex Subject. 17.
He... to say — Complex Subject; the door ... to be shut — Complex Object.
18.
it... to be looking back — Complex Subject. 19. He ... to have been — Complex
Subject. 20. You ... to keep — Complex Subject.
Translation
1. Я чувствую себя как-то странно из-за таблеток, которые дал мне мой
врач. 2. Я хочу, чтобы ты сказала себе: «Он умер смертью храбрых, служа
своей стране, и мы должны им гордиться». 3. Я видел, как отец вышел из дома
в то самое утро. Уже теряя сознание, он услышал, как его дверь открылась и
тотчас же закрылась опять. 5. Джордж был уверен, что благодаря свежему
воздуху и физической нагрузке мы будем спать как убитые. 6. Никогда не
видел, чтобы человек тратил столько времени на изучение рентгеновских
снимков/радиограмм. 7. Я думал, что это сигнал начинать. 8. Мы не ожидали,
что он вернется так быстро, и теперь гадали, что стряслось. 9. Она
почувствовала, как кто-то ласково коснулся ее рукой. 10. Я бы хотел, чтобы это
было проделано как мо>. но незаметнее, не привлекая внимания. 11. Она,
похоже, не замечала его холодного тона. 12. Оказалось, что дом, адрес ко-
торого мне дали/к которому меня направили, стоит несколько на отшибе, задом
к реке. 13. «Кажется, он спит, миледи», — сказал дворецкий. 14. Леди
Фрэнклин, похоже, ожидала ответа. 15. Мальчика заставили повторить свой
рассказ дважды. 16. Предполагалось, что профессор Ли присоединится к
экспедиции в Северной Африке, но он заболел. 17. Было слышно, как он
сказал, что будет дождь, и велел закрыть дверь на балкон. 18. Я разглядывал
дом со смесью подозрения и любопытства, а он, в свою очередь, похоже,
разглядывал меня. 19. Говорят, что в молодости он был моряком. 20. Ты ведь
вряд ли составишь нам компанию, а, Джим?
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