А. Грибинча
Молдавский государственный университет, Кишинёв, Молдова
ВЛИЯНИЕ ИННОВАЦИЙ НА КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ
В МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ
Анализируется влияние потребностей на интеллектуальный потенциал, ориентированных на ква
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лификационные формы, человеческие усилия по повышению национальной конкурентоспособности,
пути эффективного использования научно-инновационного капитала, с учетом признания интенсив
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ного характера развития экономик и международной экономической конкурентоспособности Респу
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блики Молдова как страны, расположенной в непосредственной близости от Европейского союза. Со
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держится ряд выводов, аргументированных и обоснованных научными рекомендациями относительно
исследуемой области. Сегодня конкурентоспособность – мощный фактор влиятельных корпораций
в мировой экономике и политике, которым подвластно финансирование инноваций и на ее основе раз
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витие бизнеса во благо национальных экономик. Мировая экономика становится ареной конкурент
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ной борьбы в международных экономических отношениях, в продвижении товаров/услуг в торговле
между странами и регионами.
Ключевые слова:
инновации, конкуренция, торговля, товары, услуги, международные экономиче
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ские отношения, преимущества стран
The existence of a new idea and obtaining useful results through its application are the essential
elements of innovation, highlighted in the definitions above. Innovation is «a change that creates
a new dimension of performance», says P. Drucker. In many cases, innovation is based on inventions,
but these two concepts are not synonyms. According to DEX, to invent means «to create, to give
birth to something new that has not existed before, to imagine for the first time; to make a technical
discovery, and the invention represents» a solution or technical realization from a field of knowledge
that presents novelty and progress towards the known stage by then». To innovate means «to
make a change, to introduce a novelty in a field, in a system», and innovation means «novelty,
change, and transformation». Understanding the concept of innovation also means clarifying the
connection with research and development activities. In its current meaning, the term «innovation»
defines the successful implementation of a new idea. However, the achievement of innovation
must be viewed in a broad sense, in connection with the creative processes that seek to find new
solutions and to materialize them in various forms. Such a vision is synthesized in the expression
«Research & Development and Innovation» (Research & Development and Innovation). The phrase
«Research-Development and Innovation» (CDI) presents the innovation as the last sequence of
the cycle of activities systematically performed to increase the amount of knowledge and its use
in various fields of activity.
Scientific research represents the activity aimed at finding new knowledge on matter, nature and
society. Depending on the nature of the knowledge, we can distinguish – basic (or fundamental)
research – experimental or theoretical activity initiated primarily for the accumulation of new
knowledge regarding the fundamental aspects of observable phenomena and facts, without considering
a specific application. Fundamental research analyzes properties, structures and relations, based
on which new hypotheses and theories are formulated, applied research is oriented towards the
metamorphosis of the results of fundamental research into new solutions, products and technologies.
It represents an original research for accumulating new knowledge, but is mainly oriented towards
a specific practical purpose or objective. Development defines activities based on the results of
fundamental and applied research related to the production of new materials, products and services.
It includes design activities and experimental activities to verify the solutions adopted in the design
process. Innovation defines the activities that ensure the application of research-development results in
various fields of activity, in order to obtain useful results. Regardless of whether it is the assimilation
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of new products, technologies, structures, management methods or new economic models, well-
made innovation can bring benefits for the organization, for society, and for people. The expression
«Research-Development» has been used in the academic and business environment as a generic
name of the concerns for finding the new and its application in the form of products, services, and
technologies. The introduction of the phrase «Research-Development and Innovation», instead of
«Research-Development», underlines the importance given to the completion of creative processes by
applying the results of scientific and technical research in the real world. Neither obtaining significant
research results nor technological progress creates a competitive advantage in itself; an additional
step is needed to convert the results of the research into new products and services that respond to
social needs. The emphasis made on innovation is one of the distinguishing elements of the strategies
and policies applied in the last quarter of a century, both within organizations and at national and
regional level. This new orientation implies the approach of the research and development activities
in connection with the business environment and with other structures of the society that must apply
the new solutions, thus the goal is to obtain benefits for organizations, for society, and for people.
Innovation is everywhere, new products and technologies are just the visible part of the iceberg.
Most of the applications in the field of innovation have been in the form of new products and
technologies, but the value of innovation is bigger. There is a wide recognition that new ideas can
transform any activity, any part of the value chain, products and services representing only the visible
part of the iceberg. Synthesizing the results of the theoretical and empirical research, the paper
points out the essential aspects of the evolution of the profile debates, presents the methodology of
determining the global competitiveness index and shows its evolution at the level of the member
states of the European Union. More than half of the Member States of the European Union register
an increase of the global competitiveness index due to the influence of the basic factors. With the
exception of six states (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, France, Italy, and Malta), the other states of the
European Union have a favorable influence of efficiency on the global competitiveness index. The
highest efficiency contribution to increasing global competitiveness is recorded in Portugal, Romania,
Latvia, Lithuania and Bulgaria; Malta, Cyprus and Germany are at the opposite pole. Regarding the
influence of innovation, only three states have a negative impact on the global competitiveness index:
Finland (–0,08), Spain (–0,08) and Austria (–0,01); Romania, Cyprus and Portugal have the strongest
favorable influence on innovation (+0,21; +0,19 respectively +0,13). The intensification of the
external economic relations increased the competition and forced the economic agents (respectively,
the economies as a whole) to pay increasing attention to the international competitiveness. The
competition went beyond the economic sphere; at present, not only companies compete in the market
of goods and services; but countries also compete for mobile manufacturing factors; and people
compete for a higher income and job security [1]. Starting from the analysis of the international
competitiveness of the different economies of the world, the main objective of the research was to
identify the specificity of the member states of the European Union. To achieve this objective, the
work is structured as follows: the first section presents the state of knowledge in the field; the second
section presents the methodological coordinates of the international competitiveness research; the
third section is focused on the analysis of the chromaticity of global competitiveness at the level of
the EU member states; the last section summarizes the conclusions and presents the future limits
and directions of the research.
In the first half of the last century, the Austrian economist J. Schumpeter distinguished five
cases of innovation: manufacturing of new products, the introduction of new production methods,
the opening of new outlets, the creation of a new form of organization, and the discovery of new
sources of raw materials [2]. This vision of the phenomenon of innovation is not much different from
the classification of innovation according to the nature of the phenomena to which it refers adopted
within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which differentiates
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the following four categories [3]: product innovation: represents creating a new or improved product
in terms of technical and functional characteristics, components, materials, ease of operation or other
functional characteristics; basic notions 15 – process of innovation: refers to the development of
a new or improved production or delivery technology in terms of working methods and equipment;
marketing innovation: represents the introduction of a new marketing method, a relevant change in
the appearance, packaging, distribution or promotion of the product; organizational innovation: refers
to the implementation of new methods of organization and management, with effects on the business
process and external relations of the company
Incremental innovation implies improvements to existing products and processes, stimuli of
the introduction of the new market-pull model. For example, in computer science, the power of the
microprocessors and the size of the memory have doubled every two years, starting with 1985, and in
the automotive field, between the 1950s and the 1980s, the continuous improvement of the efficiency
in the classic engines was achieved, without changing their constructive conception.
Breakthrough innovation refers to the introduction of new technology push model. The emergence
of radio, television, computers, and copiers are just a few illustrative examples. These products did
not appear in response to the needs of the market, because before their implementation there were
no problems that the new products could solve. In these cases, new technologies generate needs that
have not existed before. In this sense, the example presented below, regarding the emergence and
commercial success of the document copy machines, known as Xerox, is suggestive.
The complexity of the contemporary economies, the diversification and specialization, the
technical progress, the increase of the dependence on the raw materials, the crises but also the
amplification of the concerns of reducing the risks along with those of maximizing the gains / benefits
have redefined the role, the dynamics and the structure of the appreciation indicators of the global
competitiveness.
At the end of the 1980s, the theory of competitiveness concerned the connection between growth
and the balance of payments of an open economy [6]. Less than ten years ago, a country’s international
competitiveness was defined as the ability to sell, the ability to attract foreign direct investment,
and the ability to earn profits [4]. Then, in defining the concept of international competitiveness,
the association with the economic welfare was chosen; thus, [3] believes that we can speak about
international competitiveness when a nation’s economic well-being is outpaced by increased
trade flows.
A more recent research has made additional contributions in terms of international competitiveness.
Competitiveness was defined as: a) the ability to create well-being [5], being considered a relevant
indicator for the evaluation of countries and regions; b) a high standard of living in a country with the
lowest unemployment rate (European Competitiveness Report, 2010); c) a set of institutions, policies
and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country [1]. Summarizing the results of the
theoretical and empirical research, the idea emerges that the variables with the help of which you
can get the most advantageous positions depend on performance, well-being, efficiency, innovation
and sustainability
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Competitiveness leads to prosperity and a high standard of living for citizens [5].
In order to ensure the progress in the research field, no strict limitation was made to the positive
heuristics, but negative heuristics were also noted. The most «fierce» critic of the concept of
international competitiveness was Krugman (1996), who considered that the given definitions are
«elusive and meaningless when referring to national economies; for economies with low international
trade, competitiveness is a funny way to say productivity».
Looking back, passing through the filter of critical rationalism, we can see that the solidity of
the theory of international competitiveness has proven its strength and importance. It is also worth
mentioning that the research trajectory was not one-way, but there were debates.
In support of these strong points of the country’s innovation development paradigm, we consider
it appropriate to emphasize the development of economic sectors that demonstrate a competitive
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perspective by using local natural resources, industrial and human potential, improving the
environment in order to create technological and product innovations. Under the current economic
conditions, characterized by the multitude of forms of ownership and, correspondingly, of the
possibilities of free choice of the activity area of the local SMEs, the facilitation and impetus of their
investment process in innovative activities can be motivated and ensured, including by the financing
of state (of the North, Center, South regions) in which the economic agent is located, as well as
through certain facilities or advantages of competitiveness.
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