English for medical students посібник з англійської мови
жүктеу/скачать 0,8 Mb.
|
пособие мед 2 (1) 2
| DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Tonsillitis is an acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils, usually due to streptococcal or, less commonly, viral infection. Tonsillitis is characterized by sore throat and pain, most marked on swallowing and often referred to the ears. High fever, malaise, headache, and vomiting are common. As a rule the tonsils are edematous and hyperemic. There may be a purulent exudate from the crypts and a white, thin membrane over the tonsils that is peeled away without bleeding. In viral tonsillitis, symptomatic therapy is as for pharyngitis. Tonsillectomy should be considered if acute tonsillitis repeatedly develops after adequate treatment, or if chronic tonsillitis and sore throat persist or are relieved only briefly by antibiotic therapy. Pharyngitis is an acute inflammation of the pharynx. Usually viral in origin, it may also be due to a Group A or other bacteria. It is characterized by sore throat and pain on swallowing. Differentiating viral from bacterial pharyngitis on the basis of physical examination alone is difficult. In both, the pharyngeal mucous membrane may be mildly red or severely inflamed and may be covered with a membrane and a purulent exudate. Fever, cervical adenopathy, and leukocytosis are present in both viral and streptococcal pharyngitis but may be more marked in the latter. Treatment is symptomatic and includes a diet, scald foot baths, warm compresses on the anterior part of the neck, milk with honey, steam inhalations and gargling. Antibiotic therapy is usually administered in severe forms of pharyngitis. Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. The most frequent cause of acute laryngitis is a viral URI. Laryngitis may also occur in the course of bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, whooping cough, measles, and diphtheria. Excessive use of the voice, allergic reactions, and inhalation of irritating substances such as cigarette smoke can cause acute or chronic laryngitis. Unnatural change of voice is usually the most prominent symptom. Hoarseness and even aphonia, together with a sensation of tickling, and a constant wish to clear the throat, may occur. Symptoms vary with the severity of the inflammation. Fever, malaise, dysphagia, and throat pain may occur in the more severe infections; dyspnea may be apparent if laryngeal edema is present. Indirect laryngoscopy discloses a mild to marked erythema of the mucous membrane that may also be edematous. There is no specific treatment for viral laryngitis. Voice rest and steam inhalations give symptomatic relief and promote resolution of acute laryngitis. Exercise 6. Answer the questions: What is tonsillitis? What are the symptoms of tonsillitis? What kind of pharyngitis do you know? What are the most frequent causes of laryngitis? What are the symptoms of laryngitis? What are the symptoms of pharyngitis? What does the treatment of pharyngitis include? жүктеу/скачать 0,8 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
|