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(2) … … … … … to try to explain the observed movements of the planets within this model. (3)
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Английский язык - Технологии и инновации (1)
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… … … … … to try to explain the observed movements of the planets within this model. (3) … … … … … , scientific revolutions involve chal- lenging or changing the dominant paradigms, as Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus did when he proposed a heliocentric universe in which the Earth as well as the other planets orbited around the sun. Most science in any time period is normal science, with people working (4) … … … … … that in- cludes methods, assumptions about nature, symbolic generations, and para- digmatic experiments. Even observations that do not seem to fit the existing paradigm will be explained within it (as planetary motion was for centuries in the geocentric model) or ignored as anomalies. At some point, however, the contradictions and anomalies may become too 27 (5) … … … … … and trigger a scientific revolution, as happened in the 16th century in Europe (notably not recognized by a powerful social institu- tion, the Catholic Church, until centuries later). 2. Most scientists and technical employees today are analogous to nor- mal scientists, working (6) … … … … … or to illuminate small areas of knowledge within a given scientific model. For instance, many scientists in the United States are employees of corporations, government agencies, and so on, and are expected to work within accepted models rather than chal- lenge them. This (7) … … … … … conflict between the scientist’s desire for autonomy and the organization’s desire for practical results, and can sti- fle innovation that could lead ultimately to greater breakthroughs. One way this problem is dealt with is to have people specialize in either basic or (8) … … … … … , with different evaluative criteria for each, and to have жүктеу/скачать 2,39 Mb. Достарыңызбен бөлісу:
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