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For, instance
Echinococcosis
is a serious reemerging zoonosis, and China is one of the most
important endemic areas of AE and CE in the world. Human echinococcosis infection rates
seemed to increase in China in recent years. It may be attributed to the use of better diagnostic
techniques, more developed medical systems, and more extensive documentation in the past 20
years [4,5].
A similar situation is shown in Kyrgyzstan,
E. multilocularis
is responsible for the majority
of human infections and is also found in the majority of dogs. Nevertheless
, E. granulosus
was
also found in their studies [6].
Also, more than 500 cases of echinococcosis are registered annually in the Russian
Federation. The Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human
Welfare reports that the epidemiological situation of echinococcosis remains difficult in the
Russian Federation. Based on a study aimed to identify the aetiological agents of the diseases
and to investigate the distribution of each
Echinococcus
species in Russia, they were identified
as
Echinococcus granulosus
,
E. canadensis
, and,
E. multilocularis
[7,8].
Although there was a studies of
Echinococcus spp
. distribution among livestock animals and
wildlife hosts in Kazakhstan territory [5, 6, 7], there is still an acute question of more thorough
and in-depth studies of this disease. A comparative table on the prevalence of echinococcosis
species in the neighboring state is presented in Table 1.
Table -1. Types of Echinococcus species distributed in
Kazakhstan and neighborhood
countries
Country
Intermediate hosts
Final hosts
Cattle
Sheep
Human*
Wolf
Fox
Dog
Kazakstan
E.
granulosus
E.
granulosus
E. granulosus
E. granulosus
E.
multilocularis
E.
granulosus
Russia
E.
granulosus
E.
granulosus
E. granulosus
E. canadensis
E. multilocularis
E. canadensis
E. multilocularis
E.
multilocularis
E. canadensis
E. granulosus
China
E.
granulosus
E.
granulosus
E. granulosus
E. granulosus
E.
multilocularis
Kyrgistan
E.
granulosus
E.
granulosus
E. granulosus
E. multilocularis
E.
multilocularis
E. equinus
E. granulosus
Mongolia
E.
granulosus
E.
granulosus
* impasse host
As can be seen from Table 1, one can pay attention to the species diversity of echinococcosis
infection common among the final and intermediate hosts. In particular, the same infection with
the species
E. granulosus
between hosts is traced, which indicates a continuous cycle of this
parasite.
According to our primary studies, a total of 17 samples were examined, we can conclude
that among the final hosts (wild animals), two main types of echinococcosis are common
E.
granulosus
and
E. multolocularis
, which had 1 genotype and 7 different haplotypes [8]. Highly
prevalent in species is
E. granulosus
, and several cases of
E. multilocularis
.
At the moment, there is a growing need to study this disease in Kazakhstan, at all levels of
the life cycle of helminth development. In turn, this includes studies of large and small animals,
domestic and wild dogs. On this problem, we are conducting research in this area, to date,
primary results have been obtained confirming the widespread occurrence of
Echinococcus spp.
among domestic animals.
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In conclusion, the situation with echinococcosis in Kazakhstan is as bad as it is. Firstly,
it is based on a poorly arranged monitoring system of helminths cycling in different levels
of hosts. Additionally, there is a need to study the
Echinococcus
helminth species. The high
genetic variability of this parasite in both intermediate and definitive hosts should be noticed as
a potential risk factor in pathogenesis. Secondly, according to our studies take the place of the
silence of farmers, whose aim is to sell the meat product. Which leads to secondary infection
with echinococcosis disease.
Acknowledgment: The research presented above was financially supported by the Ministry
of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan to frame the project «Establishment of
genetic affiliation of various types of echinococcosis pathogen to haplotypes circulating in the
territory of Kazakhstan» AP14869645 for 2022-2024.
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